Opener: I want you to reflect on your effort thus far in American Lit. this semester. Write down the following on a piece of paper: 3: Things you have done (or not done) to earn the grade you have in class. 2: Things you will do to improve or maintain your grade. 1: Thing I can do to help you be more successful in class.

* Colonialism (Rationalism) UNIT 3

Speech is Power PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES AND RHETORICAL DEVICES

Types of Speeches  Political Speech : focuses on an issue relating to government or politics. Usually, the speaker tries to persuade people to think or act in a certain way.  Address : a formal speech that is prepared for a special occasion (ex. “The Gettysburg Address”)  Sermon : a speech that is usually based on scriptural text and is intended to provide religious instruction (ex. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”)

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos  Ethos : appeals to authority  Pathos : appeals to emotion  Logos : appeals to logic  Inductive Reasoning : draws a conclusion from specific cases  Deductive Reasoning : applies a principle to specific cases  Syllogisms : arguments made of two premises and a conclusion.  Analogy : shows points of similarity between different topics (using something familiar to something unfamiliar).

Syllogism & Analogy  SYLLOGISM: All crows are black and the bird in my cage is black, so my bird is a crow.  (syllogism fallacy)  ANALOGY: Sock are to feet as gloves are to hands.

Persuasion  Speech or writing that tries to get the audience to think or act in a certain way.  Persuasive Techniques : the methods that a speaker or writer uses to sway the audience. Most effective speeches use a mixture of persuasive appeals.

Persuasive Techniques  Logical Appeal : builds a well-reasoned argument based on evidence, such as facts, statistics, or expert testimony.  Emotional Appeal : attempts to arouse the audience’s feelings, often by using loaded words.  Loaded Words : words that convey strong emotion.

Persuasive Techniques  Ethical Appeal : shows an argument that is just or fair  Appeal to Authority : when an appeal shows that a higher power supports the idea presented. (ex. Barak Obama approves this message)

Rhetorical Devices  Repetition : restating an idea using the same words (ex. “I have a dream”  Restatement : expressing the same idea using different words (ex: Lincoln: ”we can not desecrate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground”)  Parallelism : repeating a grammatical structure (ex. “she is a goddess of our minds; she is an angel in our hearts.”)

Rhetorical Devices  Antithesis : using strongly contrasting words, images, or ideas (ex: “ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”)  Rhetorical Questions : asking questions for effect, not to get actual answers.  Allusions : referring to well-known people, places, events, or stories.

Allusions  Literary Allusions : refers to characters, authors, books of literature (Ex. She went down the rabbit hole when she asked her question.)  Biblical Allusions : refers to people, places, events, and stories from the Christian Bible (ex. Hurt: “I wear this crown of thorns.”)  Historical Allusions : refers to people, places, and events in History.  Mythological Allusions : Refers to people, places, events, and stories in Mythology (Iron Man: Trojan Horse)

Autobiography and Aphorisms  Autobiography : life history written by the person who actually experienced it.  Auto: meaning “self”  Bio: meaning “life”  Graph: meaning “write”  Aphorisms : short saying with a message (ex. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Logical Fallacies: types of reasoning that may seem convincing but contain inherent flaws  Ad hominem: attack on a person’s character  False causality: an assumption that because A happened before B, A caused B (war happened, gas prices went up=war caused high gas prices)  Red herring: distracting listeners from a more important issue (ISIS dropped more bombs, but Kim Kardashian and Kanye West get in a fight at the Oscars…more to come on their epic food fight)  Bandwagon: it is right because it is popular  Propaganda: presenting one side of an argument as correct (other side is not included)

The Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Remember the Titans Clip  Link for clip Link for clip

Deductive v Inductive  Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data -- a confirmation (or not) of our original theories.  Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.