Chap 27 Civil rights movement

I.The early years A.Civil War Amendments 1. 13th Amendment- ends slavery th Amendment- anyone born in US is a citizen. And Due Process Clause/Equal Protection Clause th Amendment- right to vote for all men.

B. NAACP-, founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Dubois

C. WWII Changes 1. A. Philip Randolph called for a March on Washington July 1, , 1 st Black labor union

2. Executive order 8802 ends segregation of Government employment. (March Cancelled) 3. CORE- 1942, Congress of Racial Equality. Change in peaceful confrontation, organizing sit- ins.

D. Court Decisions Plessy v. Ferguson allows “Separate but Equal” in public facilities Brown v. Board of Education Separate cannot be equal. 3. NAACP, lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued the case. Become the first African American Supreme Court Justice in 1967.

II. Major turning point A.Emmett Till’s death (Aug 25 th, 1955) 1. No one found guilty of crime.

This day in History. April 9 th, 1865 Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Read more: This Day in History: April 9 9#ixzz3WoJqdvm2

B. Montgomery Bus Boycott 1.Dec, 1955 Rosa Parks, refuses to give up her seat on bus. 2.Boycott lasts over a year.

C. Little Rock , Civil Rights Act (gives power to protect voting rights) , Governor of Arkansas,Orval Faubus, sent National Guard to stop the children from entering schools.

3. Eisenhower sends federal troops (101 st Airborne) to enforce school desegregation at Little Rock Central High School.

1997, Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Massery 40 years reunion.

, Ruby Bridges, 1 st to attend grade school

D. “Sit-ins”

IV. Struggle continue A. Freedom rides ( May 1961) 1.Riders boarded in Washington D.C. 2.Anniston, Al a white mob firebombed the bus.

B. Ole Miss Integrated (1962) 1.James Meredith enrolls. (with NAACP President Mississippi, Medgar Evers)

V. Government responds a.Change and Violence (1963) 1. President Kennedy promises Civil Rights Act.

2. June, 1963 Medgar Evers shot and killed.

b. MLK Jr. 1. Aug 1963, “I Have a Dream” speech in Washington. Over 250,000 attend.

2. Nov., 1963 Kennedy is killed in Texas.

c. Lyndon Johnson 1.June 1964, Civil Rights workers killed in Mississippi. 2. Passes, Civil Rights Act of 1964

3. 24 th Amendment (1964) bans poll tax. 4. Voting Rights Act of 1965, eliminates literacy test to vote.

D June 1966, James Meredith shot in Memphis Texas Western (UTEP) wins NCAA National Title defeating Kentucky

VI. New Turn to Violence A.Malcolm X 1. Idea of a Black Nation, and enemy was the white man. (Armed self defense)

2. Feb shot and killed in New York, by members of Nation of Islam. Elijah Muhammad was leader Nation of Islam.

B. Race Riots 1.Aug, 1965 Watts, Ca. one week after voting rights act signed. Lasts 6 days kills 34 and over 1100 wounded.

C April 4 th, MLK Jr. shot and killed by James Earl Ray.

2. June, Bobby Kennedy killed in California. (shot by Sirhan Sirhan)

3. Black Panthers- Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, Want African Americans to lead the rebuilding of communities

, “Black Power” Tommy Smith and Jon Carlos show support at Olympics in Mexico City.

e. Lynching of Michael Donald , Alabama found a African male not guilty of murder of a police officer Henry Hays, and James Knowles found guilty.

3. Henry Hayes was executed in First time a white man had been executed for a crime against an African American since 1913 in Alabama.