Social Conditions Secularization of European Culture Social Democracy & Scientific progress Internationalism (global economy) Art is an open Market Conscious effort to preserve art and artifacts

Great Upheavals American and French Revolutions Dictatorship of Napoleon who attempts to unify Europe under French Rule

1748 – Excavation begins at Pompeii renewing interest in classical forms Publication of The History of Ancient Art by J.J. Winkelmann in 1764 Distinct turn from Rococo toward clarity of line and color Sharp transitions of area Retreat from ambiguity and playfulness Noble Simplicity and grandeur Classical costume elevated subjects to universal significance (generally)

NeoClassicism A way of Life affecting religion, dress and attitudes of politics Distaste for the refined, manipulative, and enigmatic feminism Virtue of moral rectitude associated with physical clarity and social reform

Painting Apparent rather than suggestive No obscurity or ambiguity Heroic masculinity Clarity of Line, Polished Finish and isolated color Intolerant, righteous and dogmatic

Neoclassicism in France

David, Coronation of Napoleon, 1804

Ingres,

Napolean 1769 Born in Corsica 1793 Quickly rises to General (24 yrs old) 1796 Campaigns into Italy against Austrians 1798 Campaigns into Egypt – Fleet is destroyed by the English 1799 Returns, there is a coup, and is elected one of the Triumverate Consulate 1800 Gains dictatorial powers (first consul) 1804 Crowns himself emperor

Napoleon, 1806 Jean Antoine Houdon French

Neoclassicism in Italy Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 1801 – 1808

Neoclassicism in England

Neoclassicism in the United States

Copley, Paul Revere Seen as an artisan at work Polished table and engraving tools before him Silver teapot in one hand, he is seen as a man of thought and action Takes a measure of us with his glance Holds teapot as a political act: the tax on tea Seems to ask us where we stand on this issue Engraving tools and sand cushion on table The shine of the table and teapot offers highly reflective surfaces

Neoclassicism in the United States Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia Roman Doric style French doors Appears as though it were one story with a dome, but actually two Balustrade masks second floor, in the French style Octagonal dome Studied Palladio Visited Roman ruins in southern France Columns made of brick, covered in stucco Symmetrical ground plan