Unit 5 Content Review pgs The Twenties & The Great Depression

Twenties & Great Depression: TIMELINE Passage of the 18 th Amendment: PROHIBITION – 1919 Teapot Dome Scandal: Harding’s administration – American Indian Citizenship Act – 1924 Scopes Trial: Clarence Darrow V. William Jennings Bryan In the “Scopes Monkey Trial” …Traditional v. Modern/Science – 1925 Black Tuesday: The ‘Crash’ – 1929 Dust Bowl : a perfect storm of 3 major causes – 1930s Election of Franklin Roosevelt: promised a ‘NEW DEAL’ – 1932

The Roaring Twenties – pg 19 America’s ‘love affair’ with the Automobile – Cars become a more common part of American culture as they become more affordable – Sign of the growth of middle-class America – Beginning of the interstate highway system and the growth of suburbs Other Inventions and Techniques – Ford’s innovation, the Moving Assembly Line – Radio increased the ability for government to communicate effectively with the entire nation.

The Roaring Twenties – pg 19 The Rise of Prosperity: Excessive CONSUMERISM…. – Growth of middle-class America – New roles, attitudes and freedom for women (flappers) – Spread of European culture post WWI – Access to cheap credit and installment buying makes it so that more people can enjoy the “luxuries” of life. The Rise of Paranoia (an irrational fear) – Red Scare / the extreme fear of Communism Palmer Raids, Sacco & Vanzetti murder trial Fear of Communist threats and Immigrants – growth of the KKK – Nativism & Racism : hated and opposed “NEW” Immigrants, Asians and Native Americans Distrust and fear of foreigners and foreign ideas leads to stricter immigration laws and use of a quota system and assimilation

Presidential Policies – pg 20 Harding Administration Return to Normalcy (pre-war economy and conservative policies) Raised tariffs Lowered taxes Restricted Immigration Teapot Dome Scandal Coolidge Administration Old-fashioned values of honesty and thrift Pro-business “Business of America is business” Credited for the growth of business based on laissez-faire economic policies

Presidential Policies – pg 20 Hoover Administration – Continued Pro-Business policies – Believed “Rugged Individualism” was the basis of America’s success – people working hard and facing adversity together. – Rejected the idea of government provided help for the problems of the Great Depression – Responses seen as “TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE”

Harlem Renaissance – pg 21 Major Themes – Rising middle-class of African Americans (especially in the North U.S.); Great Migration – Pride in African American culture (music, art, literature) and how it should be included in main- stream American life Jazz and Music – Jazz was a form of music that began within the African American community, but later reached a broader, multi-ethnic audience – Music as a form of expression about life and culture

Harlem Renaissance – pg 21 Marcus Garvey – Jamaican born, controversial political activist for the African American community – Led the Back to Africa Movement – Emphasized racial pride and power Literature & Langston Hughes – Poets and writers (most notably Hughes) expressed pride in their heritage – Felt their accomplishments proved their value as people and as citizens – Writings encouraged African Americans to work hard to overcome racial injustice

The Great Depression – pg 22 CAUSES – Overproduction (often termed ‘overriding cause’) Rapid economic expansion led to manufacturers making more goods then they could sell – Speculation and the Unregulated Stock Market As more people invested in the stock market and even bought on margin looking to “get rich quick” the market continued to rise. Black Tuesday – October 29, 1929 the market crashes. – Banking Practices Many banks did not abide by federal regulations and some regulations that would have limited this crisis were not in place yet. – Trade Restrictions ( Tariffs …tax on imported goods) Highest tariff rates in history contributed to a lack of trade during this period.

The Great Depression – pg 22 EFFECTS – Business Failures Collapse of corporations who could not raise funds through investments. Demand for goods decreased and many businesses closed. – Massive Unemployment Millions were out of work, many became homeless, and were starving because of a lack of any income. – Bank Failures Many banks failed and closed, and those that survived had to meet new federal regulations once the New Deal legislation was passed. – Foreclosures Homes and farms were foreclosed on, sending many poverty stricken people to charity organizations for help.

New Deal Legislation – pg 23 Relief: short term actions designed to tide people over until the economy recovered. – Bank Holiday – Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) – Civilian Conservation Corps – Civilian Works Administration Recovery: measures designed to restore the economy. – National Recovery Administration (NRA) – Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) – Home Owners Loan Corps – Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reform: aimed at remedying defects in the structure and prevent future economic failure. -Soil Conservation Act -National Labor Relations Act (NLRB) -Social Security Administration -Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.