The Basics of MOOCs Dennis A. Vincenzi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor College of Aeronautics ERAU Worldwide

MOOC – Massive Open Online Course – Free – Open to anyone who is interested – Versatile, flexible, adaptable – Interactive – Structure is looser and more free flowing – Participate in as much or as little as wanted – Current enrollments approximately ~3900 – Students an earn a certificate of completion but must complete: all quizzes and receive at least a score of 80% demographic survey What is a MOOC? 2

At the end of the lecture there will be a question and answer period. During the lecture, you can ask questions by – Posting them in the “Q&A” box area – Do not post questions to the “Chat” area Any question not answered will be addressed in the “Ask the Expert” discussion forum. Asking Questions During the Live Lecture Directions 3

Poll Questions – On which continent do you live? – Are you employed in the Aviation Industry? – What is the primary reason for taking this course? – What is your level of education at this time? Some Quick Questions… 4

The Basics of Human Factors in Aviation Dennis A. Vincenzi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor College of Aeronautics ERAU Worldwide

Course Introduction Brief History of Human Factors Human Factors Definition Human Factors Areas of Interest Real World Examples Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model Summary Questions? Outline 6

Mid 1800 s Systems were built – humans had to fit the system ~ CSS Hunley – first combat submarine Early 1900s Birth of aviation Mid 1900s Jet power and advanced aviation capabilities Begin to push the human in terms of exceeding human limitations Human Factors Brief History 7

1970s/80s Development of micro computers and digital displays Development of advanced automation Begin to change the roll of the human from system operator to system monitor Physical limitations are still important and but cognitive abilities are becoming more important also Human Factors Brief History 8

The scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The overarching goal of Human Factors is to optimize human well-being (safety) and overall system performance (the relationship between the human and machine). Human Factors Defined 9

Anthropometry and Workstation Design HF Areas of Interest Cockpit and Display Design Cessna 172 Boeing 787 F22 Raptor ATC 10

HF Areas of Interest Human Limitations: Light, heat, vibration, noise 11

Physiology, Hypoxia, G-forces HF Areas of Interest Fatigue, Workload, Performance 12

What percentage of aviation accidents have human error listed as a contributing factor? Poll on Human Error 13

Human error is listed as a contributing factor 70% - 80% of the time NTSB Chairman Christopher Hart – ges/default.aspx ges/default.aspx – “Human error should be listed as a contributing factor 100% of the time!” – Whether it’s maintenance, inspection, procedure, automation, programming, or something else, somewhere along the line, a human was involved HF Areas of Interest 14

Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation 15

Human error is listed often as a contributing factor Most of the time, accidents are the result of multiple events Contributing factors could be personal, environmental, mechanical, organizational, or any combination of these FAA “Dirty Dozen” preconditions for unsafe acts – Fatigue – Stress – Complacency – Communication – Awareness – Distraction – Lack of knowledge – Teamwork – Lack of resources – Pressure – Lack of assertiveness – Norms Accident Investigations 16

Situational Awareness EAL Flight 401- Dec 29, 1972 – 103 fatalities, 73 survivors Situational Awareness - EAL Flight

Perfect storm – Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model Crew Resource Management / Human Error Tenerife Disaster – March 27, 1977 – 583 fatalities First CRM Conference – “Resource Management on the Flightdeck” – 1979 Bad CRM - Tenerife 18

Good Crew Resource Management DC-10, July 19, 1989 – 111 fatalities, 185 survivors Tail engine failure resulting in shrapnel and hydraulic system failure Good CRM Sioux City, Iowa – UAL

Aloha Flight April 28, 1988 – 1 fatality; 65 injured Metal fatigue with heavy corrosion – designed for decompression cycles but already experienced over Other causes? Poor company policy on aircraft maintenance? Maintainer fatigue? Poor maintenance records? Poor quality inspection and maintenance programs Aviation Maintenance and Inspection 20

3 fatalities, 187 injured, 49 seriously injured. Speculation that the flight came in too slow and too low Tail section hit the seawall at the beginning of the runway Actual cause: “Mismanagement of approach and failure to monitor airspeed” – Pilot Error? – Poor training? – Unfamiliarity with equipment? Did not understand automation? – Combination of factors? Asiana Flight 214 – July 6,

Human Factors… Involved with Product design Display design System design Safety Human error Human performance Maintenance ATC Medical And many, many more… Summary 22

Questions?

Next Live Lecture Session Join Kim Szathmary in week three at 5 PM EST for the next live lecture session. Lecture 3.2: Improving Human Performance though Training, CRM, and Organizational Knowledge Tune in on Tuesday, April 5th, 2016 at 5:00 pm (ET) to watch Dr. Kim Szathmary's live lecture. She retired from the United States Air Force in 2005, after a 21-year flying career) as a C-17 Instructor Pilot and senior Supervisor of Flying, which entailed direct control of up to 40 heavy aircraft in missions. See her bio in Course Contributors for more information about Kim. 24

If you haven’t already done so: – Join the discussions for the week – Feel free to look around the course – Interact and enjoy the experience! Thanks For Attending the Lecture 25