Kingdom Plantae

Main Characteristics Cells contain a nucleus Make their own food Cells contain a cell wall Multicellular Can not move from place to place

Types of Plants 1. Nonvascular Plants 2. Vascular Plants Do NOT have conducting tissue (pipes) to transport water and nutrients. These plants are small and use diffusion and osmosis to move materials. Examples: mosses and liverworts Contain conducting tissue (pipes) to deliver needed materials throughout the plant. Vascular plants can be any size

Types of Vascular Plants 1. Plants without seeds. 2. Plants with seeds. Help form soil and prevent erosion Examples: ferns, horsetails and club mosses Have a two part life cycle sporophyte - produce spores gametophyte - produce sex cells

Types of Seed Plants 1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms Non-flowering or fruit bearing plants Produce cones instead of flowers and fruits. Example: Conifers Flowering plants Use flowers (attract animals) and fruits (protect seeds) for reproduction. Flowering plants provide food for animals.

Seed Structure Cotyledon - a seed leaf. Provides food for the embryo before it can makes its own food.

Types of Angiosperms 1. Monocots 2. Dicots Contains 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) Flower parts in threes Leaves with parallel veins Vascular tissue scattered Examples: grasses, onions, lillies, palms Contains 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) Flower parts in fours or fives Leaves with branching veins Vascular tissue in a ring Examples: roses, cactuses, sunflowers, peanuts

Differences between monocots and dicots

Plant Kingdom NonvascularVascular can be such as mosses and liverworts may produce seedsNOT produce seeds such as ferns horsetails club mosses in cones (Gymnosperms) flowers (Angiosperms) such as Pine trees, evergreens can be MonocotDicot

Angiosperm Structure Angiosperms are made up of: Roots Stems Leaves Flowers

Roots Stems Leaves Flower Petal Sepal Stamen Pistil

Roots Main Functions: Supply plant with water and minerals that are absorbed from the soil Support and anchor plant Store food made during photosynthesis

One main root growing down with smaller roots coming off. Example: carrots Several roots that are the same size. Example: grass 2. Fibrous Root - 1. Tap Root - Root Types

Stems Main Functions: Support plant body Some stems can store materials. Example: cactus stores water Transport materials between roots and leaves Xylem - carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem - carries food downward to roots for storage and to other parts of the plant

Stem Types 1. Herbaceous Soft, flexible plant 2. Woody Rigid stems made of wood and bark

Monocot Dicot 1 cotyledon ScatteredIn a ring Net-veined Parallel veins Parts in 4’s or 5’s Parts in 3’s taprootfibrous 2 cotyledons

Leaves Main Functions: Capture sunlight to make food Parts of the Leaf: Cuticle - waxy covering that protects against water loss Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll to capture sunlight Veins - Move water, food and nutrients through xylem and phloem Stomata - openings under the leaf to let in carbon dioxide and give off water and oxygen. Guard cells - open and close the stomata

Leaf Structure Stomata Guard cell

Flowers Main Functions: Used for sexual reproduction Parts of the Flower Sepal - protects immature flower when it is a bud Petals - attract insects and animals Stamen - male reproductive parts Anther - produces pollen grains Filament - thin stalk, that anther sits on

Pistil - female reproductive parts Stigma - collects pollen Style- pollen travels down to reach egg Ovary - develops into the fruit Ovule - inside the ovary; contains the egg. Develops into a seed after fertilization. Parts of the Flower Continued

stamen ovary style filament pollen tube pollen grains stigma pistil anther ovule

Flower Project Using the flower books provided: Choose a flower Draw a picture of the plant Label the parts Describe their main function Name of the plant Your name & class period

Pollination & Fertilization 1. What type of reproduction occurs in flowering plants? - sexual reproduction - egg and sperm are needed - offspring look different than parents

pistil stigma pollen style ovary anther stamen Self-pollination Cross-pollination

2. What is pollination? 3. What has to happen in order for fertilization to occur? - Pollination occurs when pollen grains are transported from anthers to stigmas. - Self-pollination: egg and sperm from the same plant - Cross-pollination: egg and sperm from different plants - The sperm inside the pollen must get from stigma to ovary. - A pollen tube forms from stigma to ovary.

4. What is fertilization? 5. What takes place after fertilization? - Fertilization occurs when the sperm from the pollen grain fuses (joins) with the egg inside the ovule. - The ovule develops into a seed. - The ovary develops into a fruit.

6. What are dormant seeds? 7. What does a seed need to grow? 8. What is germination? - They are seeds that are inactive (not growing or developing). - water - oxygen - proper temperature - Germination is the sprouting of a seed.

Germination

9. How do plants reproduce asexually? - root or stem can become a new plant (vegetative propagation) Examples: - cuttings: using part of stem or root - runners: stems that run along the ground and buds grow off it. - plantlets: tiny plants grow on leaves

A B G F E D C Bonus: 1. A and B from above make up the _________. 2. D,E, F from above make up the _________.

10. What is a tropism? - growth in response to a stimulus Examples: phototropism: response to light gravitropism: response to gravity

Photosynthesis 1. What is needed for photosynthesis? 2. What does chlorophyll do? - sunlight (chloroplasts in leaves) - carbon dioxide (stomata in leaves) - water (absorbed by roots) - chlorophyll absorbs sunlight in the leaves

3. What is the equation for photosynthesis? Sunlight + 6 CO H 2 O ----> C 6 H 12 O O 2 sunlight + carbon dioxide + water ---> sugar + oxygen Excess sugar travels down phloem to be stored in the roots.

4. What is cellular respiration? - Converts the energy stored in food into a form of energy the plant can use. 5. What is transpiration? - Water loss from leaves through stomata. C 6 H 12 O O > 6 CO H 2 O + energy