Remarkable Women in the Late Qing: Empress Dowager Cixi and Princess Der Ling Professor Luo University of Kentucky January 25-27, 2016

Cixi and Sarah Conger

Katharine Carl and her painting of Cixi

The Empress Dowager and the Camera (MIT Visualizing Culture website)

The Qing Dynasty ( )  Manchu rules over Han Chinese  Northern “barbarians,” with a martial tradition, good at hunting and fighting in the battle  Gradually “Sinicized,” kept the Confucian imperial exam for selecting officials  Bilingual empire, with Manchu and Chinese both as official languages

A bilingual sign in the Forbidden City Read vertically from right to left in the Manchu and the Chinese languages

Empress Dowager Cixi ( )  Born into a ranking family of the Manchu minority ruler  Entered the imperial court at age 16  Earned the title “Cixi”  First regency ( )  Second regency ( )  Third regency ( )

Meiji Japan ( ) and Late Qing China  Meiji Restoration in 1868  First Sino-Japanese War in , treaty of Shimonoseiki ceded Taiwan to Japan  Constitutional monarchy  Women’s education  Geographical and cultural affinities  First wave of Chinese students in Japan  Russo-Japanese War in  Second wave of Chinese students in Japan

The Demise of the Xianfeng Emperor  Xianfeng dies at Chengde, August 1861  Regency of Ci’an, Cixi and Prince Gong, October 1861  Change of era name to Tongzhi Xianfeng Emperor ( )

The Second Regency of Cixi  Succession crisis after demise of Tongzhi Emperor in 1875  Cixi appoints cousin of deceased emperor → Second regency of Cixi,  After 1889: Guangxu reports directly to retired Empress Dowager (Cixi) Tongzhi Emperor ( )

First Sino-Japanese War, Kobayashi Kiyochika, “Naval Battle near Pungdo, Korea,” August 1894.

Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895  Japan becomes a “Treaty Power”  China opens treaty ports for manufacturing  Korea’s “independence” recognized  Cession of Taiwan and Liaodong peninsula

The Scramble for China  China being cut up “like a melon”  Great Powers forces China to “lease” territories

Confucian Reformers:  Kang Youwei  Liang Qichao  Tan Sitong  Kang and the “Ten thousand word petition,” 1895

The 100 Days’ Reforms, 1898  Educational reform (Western subjects, study abroad, ending imperial exams)  Military reform (Beiyang army)  Economic reform (Ministry of Commerce established)  Political reform (constitutional monarchy)  Cixi’s third regency, Kang Youwei Guangxu Emperor

The Boxer Uprising, the late 1890s Increased influx of missionaries after 1860 Dense population, natural disaster and Western imperialism The Boxer arose in Zhili and Shandong around 1896 “respect your parents, live in harmony with your neighbors”—the growth of the Spirit Boxer movement around 1898 Clashes between the Boxers and Christians

Confrontation in Beijing, 1900  Boxers enter Beijing and Tianjin  Cixi declares war on June 21, 1900  55 day siege of Foreign Legation Quarter

“Eight Nation Alliance,” 1900  Eight Nation Alliance enters Beijing, Aug  The imperial court flee to Xi’an  Widespread looting and atrocities

The ideal reading response January 27, 2016  Posted on time (Thursdays by 8 pm, TWO comments by 10 pm)  Responded to the required readings (for this Week, “Chang on Cixi” and “Two Years in the FC”  Cited evidence with corrected page numbers (not the page of the PDF file)  Included your own response after reading the assigned materials, for example: a change of view from previous conceptions? A fresh introduction to new materials that provoked comparative analysis?...

How to read and analyze historical/biographical/fictional materials?  Who wrote it? At what time?  In what form? (oral, manuscript, print, digital…)  In What language? (original, translation, interpretation…)  Who made it available? How?(endorser, publisher, promoter…)  How did we get our hands on it? In what context?

Past and current protagonists  SHANGGUAN Wan’er  GU Ruopu  Merchant Lin (LI Ruzhen)  Cixi (Jung CHANG)  Princess Der Ling (Deling)

Princess Der Ling? (Deling, ) Two years in the forbidden city (1911)

Rongling, the dancing princess? (1882/1888?-1973)

The Yu Geng Family MIT visualizing cultureMIT visualizing culture Deling in Tokyo Deling ( ) Xunling?/Xinling (ca 1880/after 1885?- 1943) Rongling (ca 1882/1888?-1973) (Ma, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2015, P29)

Deling and Rongling, the Yu sisters

Thomas F. Millard ( )

In the realm of popular culture

China Through the Looking Glass China Through the Looking Glass (Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, New York, through September 7, 2015)

Fashion, Dance, and Music Fashion, Dance, and Music (Confucius Institute event, January 16, 2016)