DNA technology and Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering: Process of making changes in an organism’s DNA –Different than selective breeding….. –We physically manipulate the DNA

DNA extraction: cells are opened and DNA is separated from other cell parts

Cutting DNA uses restriction enzymes. These enzymes cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Examples of different enzymes…..

Separating DNA using Gel electrophoresis

What do these procedures allow us to do? Compare genomes of different organisms or individuals Used to identify one particular gene Used for crime solving or paternity issues

Cutting and pasting DNA –Makes recombinant DNA: combines genes from two different organisms

Making Copies (PCR) –Polymerase Chain Reaction –Used to make mutiple copies of a gene –Like a copy machine stuck on print

Recombinant DNA Desired gene is located using gel electrophoresis The bacterial plasmid is cut using restriction enzymes The foreign DNA is spliced into the plasmid DNA The two new pieces are joined at sticky ends Recombinant DNA is placed into the bacteria and desired protein is produced

Transgenic Organism: organism that contains genes from other organsims

Carolina cotton producers have reduced pesticide sprays and lowered production costs by utilizing genetically engineered cotton varieties.

Scientists have discovered a gene that makes corn resistant to certain damaging insects.

Producing interferon, a human protein which stops viruses multiplying inside the body Producing human growth hormone to treat growth abnormalities Blood clotting factor to treat hemophiliacs Used in industry to produce enzymes for use in biological washing powder Producing pest resistant crop varieties Producing tomatoes that stay fresh much longer

Cloning Creating a member of a population with an identical genetic make-up to a single cell (parent) Creating “Dolly” –The nucleus of an egg cell is removed –The cell is fused with a cell taken from another adult –The cell then begins to divide and the embryo is placed in the reproductive system of the female

Embryo develops normally in the uterus

DNA Fingerprinting Analysis of sections of DNA to identify individuals 1. A small sample of DNA is cut using restriction enzymes 2. Fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis 3. Results in a series of DNA bands of different sizes 4. Very reliable and has helped convict criminals/overturn convictions

How can gel electrophoresis be used to determine paternity?paternity

Human Genome Project An attempt to sequence all human DNA Began in 1990….”completed” summer

Gene Therapy An absent/faulty gene is replaced by normal “working” gene 1. Viruses are often used because of their ability to enter a cell’s DNA 2. Viruses are modified so that they can not cause disease Patient is infected with modified virus particles The hope is that the virus will carry the gene into cells to correct the genetic defects

Standard Markers

Restriction Analysis