CLONING

the process of creating a genetically identical copy of another living being, be it human, plant, or animal the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organ derived from κλών, the Greek word for "twig, branch", referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae,; MARCELO,Pamela, MATEMATICO, Michelle

The Process 1. Isolate donor nucleus Isolate the nucleus from a somatic cell of an adult donor. This step is repeated many times to gather many cell nuclei 2.Get unfertilized eggs Retrieve unfertilized egg cells from the donor. Many eggs are needed since not all of them will survive the various steps of cloning. 3. Remove the egg's nucleus MEJINO, Carmelou Mae,; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

The Process 4. Insert donor nucleus Insert the nucleus, with its complete genetic material, isolated from the donor mammal in Step 1 into the egg cell that has no nuclear material. The egg's genetic material now contains all traits from the donor adult. This egg is genetically identical to the donor adult. 5. Place the egg into womb Place the egg into a female the womb. Only a small percentage of eggs placed in the womb will start to mature. When the offspring is born, it is a clone (genetically identical) of the donor sheep. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae,; MARCELO,Pamela, MATEMATICO, Michelle

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEI TRANSFER(SCNT) most common cloning method, known simply as "nuclear transfer" The method used to clone Dolly The aim of carrying out this procedure is to obtain stem cells that are genetically matched to the donor organism. Presently, no human stem cell lines have been derived from SCNT research MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

SCNT: THE PROCESS requires two kinds of cell: a somatic and an egg cell. somatic cell is collected from the animal that is to be cloned The nucleus is isolated from the somatic cell. egg cell is collected from a female of the same species the nucleus of the egg cell is extracted and discarded. The nucleus from the somatic cell is then inserted into the egg and the two are"fused" the two with electricity. The resulting fused egg contains the genetic donor's DNA. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

SCNT: THE PROCESS the fused egg is then stimulated with an electric shock, which "activates" the egg and causes it to divide the cloned cells can then be: a. implanted in a surrogate’s uterus b. tissue culture MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Fertilization vs. Cloning Fertilization Sperm and egg each have one set of chromosomes When the two fuse, the zygote will have the chromosomes of both the father and the mother Cloning The egg cell’s nucleus is removed and is replaced by the nucleus from the somatic cell. The embryo will then have only the chromosomes of the somatic cell and not from two individuals MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Artificial Embryo Twinning relatively low-tech version of cloning mimics the natural process of creating identical twins manually separating a very early embryo into individual cells, and then allowing each cell to divide and develop on its own embryos are placed into a surrogate mother, where they are carried to term and delivered occurs in a Petri dish instead of the mother's uterus MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Reproductive Cloning Uses SCNT to create animals that are genetically identical Clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Ethics on Reproductive Cloning It is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created by reproductive cloning technology. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Celebrity Sheep Died at Age 6 Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Post-mortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle lethal injection Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003.

Is reproductive cloning ethical? Some say YES: Some talents seem to be genetically influenced. A heterosexual couple in which the husband was completely sterile could use adult DNA cloning to produce a child. Two lesbians could elect to have a child by adult DNA cloning rather than by artificial insemination by a man's sperm. Some say NO: There is no guarantee that the first cloned humans will be normal. Cells seem to have a defined life span built into them. There would be no genetic need for men. Large scale cloning could deplete genetic diversity. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Some say NO: Some people have expressed concern about the effects that cloning would have on relationships. A fertilized ovum is a full human person. When its nucleus is removed during cloning, that person is, in effect, murdered. The whole business of collecting surplus embryos and simply storing them in a deep- freeze as a commodity. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

In Conclusion: It is not that cloning is bad because it is unnatural, but that cloning is an example of some the worst aspects of the way that we control nature in Western societies. lack of respect for natural complexity DEHUMANISATION. cloning offends against human dignity, or, in other words, that it is a form of DEHUMANISATION. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Therapeutic cloning (Somatic cell nuclear transfer) "embryo cloning” The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease. Stem cells are important to biomedical researchers because they can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Therapeutic Cloning Take a woman's ovum, and remove its DNA Remove the DNA from a cell taken from a human, and insert it into the ovum. Giving the resulting ovum an electrical shock to start up its embryo making operation Pre-embryo MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

pre-embryo is allowed to develop and produce many stem cells Stem cells are removed from the pre-embryo; this results in its death stem cells would be encouraged to grow into whatever tissue or organ is needed tissue or organ would be transplanted into the patient MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Ethical Assessment of Therapeutic Cloning 1.There would be presumably being no danger of rejection of the transplant. 2.For transplants involving kidney, another individual would not have to experience pain, inconvenience, and potentially shortened life span in order to donate the organ. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle This procedure would have a number of advantages, when compared to regular organ transplant donated by a second person:

Ethical Assessment of Therapeutic Cloning 3. The patient would not have to wait until an unrelated donor dies to obtain a transplant. 4. The patient would not have to make-do with a replacement organ that is old and may have reduced functionality. 5. The procedure would save lives which would otherwise be lost waiting for a transplant that did not come in time. 6. The potential exists to cure, or at least treat, certain diseases and disorders that cannot be effectively handled today. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Is an embryo a human person? Some believe that somatic cell nuclear transfer is sufficiently similar to normal conception with an egg and spermatozoa that a human person also comes into existence during therapeutic cloning. The process of extracting stem cells involves killing the embryo. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

To many pro-lifers, this is murder. can never be justified. They feel that murdering one person, the embryo, to cure another person of paralysis, or diabetes, or heart disease, etc. can never be justified. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

Recombinant DNA technology It is a technology which allows DNA to be produced via artificial means. Taking DNA from two different sources and combining that DNA into a single molecule. Recombinant DNA technology only becomes useful when that artificially-created DNA is reproduced. This is known as DNA cloning MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle

GloFish™ A type of fish that seems to glow with a bright fluorescent coloring. Scientists hope to use them to help detect polluted waterways, for example. MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle GloFishGloFish are a type of zebrafish with recombinant DNA. Genes for fluorescent proteins have been inserted into their genome to produce their fluorescent colors.zebrafish

Sources: dna-technology.htm dna-technology.htm m m MEJINO, Carmelou Mae; MARCELO,Pamela; MATEMATICO, Michelle