Paris Peace Treaty: Sèvres/Lausanne 1923 Dahee Lim 20 th Century History

Great Britain Asserts control of Mosul Province, Northern Iraq During WWI, Russia was supportive of the creation of an Assyrian homeland in Northern Mesopotamia. -Bolsheviks repudiated Tsarist Secret treaties to gain favor with belligerent countries. -Negotiations regarding the Near East titled towards Great Britain.

Great Britain Asserts control of Mosul Province, Northern Iraq British occupation of Mesopotamia began in Occupied Mosul on November, Occupation of Mosul was disputed by Turkey. British lacked the minimum requirement for a modern civil society. - Arnold T. Wilson understood the problem of multi-ethnic divisions, which British failed to take this issue seriously.

Great Britain Asserts control of Mosul Province, Northern Iraq After WWI, preparations began by Great Britain, France and the other Allies to dictate terms of Peace to the defeated countries at the Paris Peace Conference. ( )

Assyrian hopes from Peace Process President Woodrow Wilson laid a set of principles for world peace called, The Fourteen Points. -With these principles, Assyrian leaders prepared to argue for an independent Assyrian State.

Assyrian hopes from Peace Process The three main Assyrian groups participated in the Paris Conference. - U.S., Mesopotamia and Iran. British forces Iran to leave Paris. The USA represented Diaspora Community. Mesopotamia were allowed to address Assyrian demands.

Assyrian Demands The Assyrian Delegates brought 2 sets of demands. -Establishment of an Assyrian independent territory to include Northern Mesopotamia and extending the American mountains with access to the Mediterranean Sea.

Post Paris Peace Conference Events The League of Nations was conceived in 1919 to maintain the peace and security thought achieved in WWI and to promote international cooperation. In 1921, Great Britain bought to Bagdad Faysal, who lost his throne in Syria and proclaimed him to the kingdom of Iraq.

San Remo & The Treaty of Sèvres The secret treaties of the Bolsheviks and Wilson forced Allies to leave Paris. - Interested parties gathered in April 1920 in San Remo for conference. Turks gave up its rights including Mesopotamia. - Bishop Aphrem Barsoum protested against the return of Turkish rule.

San Remo & The Treaty of Sèvres In August 1920, Treaty of Sevres was signed. -The Crescents came under British and French mandate. -Treaty accepted by governor of Sultan, Mehmed Vahdettin VI in Istabul but reject by governor, Kemal Ataturk in Ankara. However, after nationalist victory over Greeks and over threw of Sultan, Ataturk requested for a new peace treaty.

Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of Sevres had virtually destroyed Turkey as a national state. -When Ataturk’s government requested a new peace treaty, signatores of the Treaty of Sevres and delegates of the USSAR met at Lausanne and signed in 1923.

Treaty of Lausanne Turkey recovered Eastern Thrace, several islands and internationalized zone of the Straits. -Recovered full sovereign rights over all its territory. -Foreign zones of influence and capitulations were abolished.

Treaty of Lausanne In return, Turkey renounced all claims on Former Turkish territories outside its new boundaries and undertook guarantee the rights of the minorities. A separate agreement between Greece and Turkey provided for the compulsory exchange minorities.

Bibliography Aprim, Fred. Christians of Iraq. June Sansa, Burak. Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne All About Turkey