CHAPTER 9: DEVELOPMENT

 Development: the process of improving material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.  Continuous process (never-ending)  MDC’s (developed countries) vs. LDC’s (developing countries)  Where are MDC’s/LDC’s?  Clustering of LDC’s & MDC’s in spaces  Why are some areas more developed?  Economic, social, & demographic indicators  Scale of economic downturn affects ALL countries  Scale of global “recession” shows connections  Globalization of economy combined with recession has encourage local diversity DEVELOPMENT BASICS

 UN Millennium Development Goals: 1End poverty & hunger 2Universal primary education 3Promote gender equality & empower women 4Reduce child mortality 5Improve maternal health 6Combat disease 7Ensure environmental sustainability 8Develop a global partnership for development DEVELOPMENT BASICS

 Human Development Index (HDI): economic, social, & demographic indicators  Economic Indicators of Development  GDP per capita  Types of Jobs  Primary  Secondary  Tertiary  Productivity  Consumer Goods  Social Indicators of Development  Education & Literacy  Health & Welfare  Demographic Indicators of Development  Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality, NIR, CBR KI #1: WHY DOES DEVELOPMENT VARY AMONG COUNTRIES?

 North-South Split (30°N)  More Developed Regions  N. America  Europe  Russia  Japan  Oceania  Less Developed Regions  Latin America  E. Asia  SW Asia & N. Africa  SE Asia  Central Asia  S. Asia  Sub-Saharan Africa KI #2: WHERE ARE MDC’S & LDC’S DISTRIBUTED?

 Gender-Related Development Index  Economic Indicator of Gender Differences  Social Indicators of Gender Differences  Demographic indicator of Gender Differences  Gender Empowerment  Economic Indicators of Empowerment  Political Indicators of Empowerment KI #3: WHERE DOES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT VARY BY GENDER?

 Development Through Self-Sufficiency  Elements of Self-Sufficiency  Problems with Self-Sufficiency  Development Through International Trade  Rostow’s Development Model  International Trade Approach  Problems with ITA  International Trade Approach Triumphs  World Trade Organization  Foreign Direct Investment  Financing Development  Loans  Structural Adjustment Programs  Fair Trade  Producer Standards  Worker Standards KI #4: WHY DO LDC’S FACE OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT?