The Pursuit of Peace By the early 1900s there was a movement to create peace among nations and end war By the early 1900s there was a movement to create peace among nations and end war Alfred Nobel setup the annual Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who worked for peace Alfred Nobel setup the annual Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who worked for peace In 1899, world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference In 1899, world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference Hague Tribunal setup as a world court to settle international disputes Hague Tribunal setup as a world court to settle international disputes

Causes of World War I Main = Main = 1. Militarism 1. Militarism 2. Alliances 2. Alliances 3. Imperialism 3. Imperialism 4. Nationalism 4. Nationalism

Militarism The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the glorification of the military The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the glorification of the military Militarism – a policy of aggressively building up the military for war Militarism – a policy of aggressively building up the military for war The great powers expanded their armies and navies The great powers expanded their armies and navies This created an arms race that further increased suspicions and made war more likely This created an arms race that further increased suspicions and made war more likely “Anything you can do, I can do better” “Anything you can do, I can do better” Remember the talk at the first part of the 1900s was a world without war, but with all this planning, War seemed more likely Remember the talk at the first part of the 1900s was a world without war, but with all this planning, War seemed more likely

Major Alliances In the 1860s Otto von Bismarck of Germany wanted to form an alliance to protect itself against France In the 1860s Otto von Bismarck of Germany wanted to form an alliance to protect itself against France Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy He also formed an alliance with Russia He also formed an alliance with Russia However, when Kaiser Wilhelm II took over Germany in 1890 and ended the alliance with Russia However, when Kaiser Wilhelm II took over Germany in 1890 and ended the alliance with Russia Russia responded by forming an alliance with France. Russia responded by forming an alliance with France. In 1907 the Triple Entente (alliance) was formed between Britain, France and Russia In 1907 the Triple Entente (alliance) was formed between Britain, France and Russia

Alliance System: Cause and Effects of European Alliances Distrust led to the great powers signing treaties to protect one another Distrust led to the great powers signing treaties to protect one another The alliances were meant to create powerful combinations of superpowers that no one would dare attack The alliances were meant to create powerful combinations of superpowers that no one would dare attack The growth of rival alliances increased international tensions The growth of rival alliances increased international tensions Alliance System: Groups of countries that agree to support each other if one is attacked Alliance System: Groups of countries that agree to support each other if one is attacked PROBLEM: If anyone starts a war, all major powers will become involved (World War) PROBLEM: If anyone starts a war, all major powers will become involved (World War) It was designed to increase national security, but several secret alliances were made It was designed to increase national security, but several secret alliances were made

Imperialism Imperialism-The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political control over other nations. Imperialism-The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political control over other nations. Imperial rivalries divided the “uncivilized” world Imperial rivalries divided the “uncivilized” world European powers rushed to colonize areas of the world in Africa, Asia and the South Pacific European powers rushed to colonize areas of the world in Africa, Asia and the South Pacific Created rivalries within Europe Created rivalries within Europe In 1906 and 1911 competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the brink of war In 1906 and 1911 competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the brink of war

Nationalism Aggressive nationalism was another cause of tensions between countries Aggressive nationalism was another cause of tensions between countries Nationalism: Nationalism: Strong feelings of superiority Strong feelings of superiority Countries acting only in their own self interest Countries acting only in their own self interest Leads to war when two countries have competing interests Leads to war when two countries have competing interests Nationalist feeling were both strong in France and Germany Nationalist feeling were both strong in France and Germany

Nationalism Throughout Europe Nationalism also occurred in countries with diverse populations Nationalism also occurred in countries with diverse populations Many minorities within countries wanted independence and self-determination Many minorities within countries wanted independence and self-determination Slavic people lived in countries throughout Eastern Europe Slavic people lived in countries throughout Eastern Europe All Slavic peoples shared a common nationality All Slavic peoples shared a common nationality Russia the strongest of the Slavic countries felt that it needed to defend all Slavs throughout Europe Russia the strongest of the Slavic countries felt that it needed to defend all Slavs throughout Europe

Assassination in Sarajevo In 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia In 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia At the time, Bosnia was under the control of Austria-Hungary At the time, Bosnia was under the control of Austria-Hungary Serbs were Slavic people who lived in Bosnia Serbs were Slavic people who lived in Bosnia They did not want to be under the control of Ferdinand and Austria-Hungary They did not want to be under the control of Ferdinand and Austria-Hungary On June 28, 1914 Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a terrorist group that was fighting for Bosnian independence On June 28, 1914 Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a terrorist group that was fighting for Bosnian independence This one event sparked what was called “The Great War” which lasted from This one event sparked what was called “The Great War” which lasted from

How did the conflict widen? After the assassination, Austria send the Serbs a list of demands After the assassination, Austria send the Serbs a list of demands The Serbs agreed to most, but NOT All The Serbs agreed to most, but NOT All As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia Germany offered full support to Austria-Hungary. Germany offered full support to Austria-Hungary. Serbia appealed to the biggest Slavic country, Russia, for help Serbia appealed to the biggest Slavic country, Russia, for help As Russia prepared for war…Germany declared war on them!!! As Russia prepared for war…Germany declared war on them!!! Russia gets support from its ally France, so Germany declares war on France too!!! Russia gets support from its ally France, so Germany declares war on France too!!!

A Fine Mess!!! In July 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia. So… In July 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia. So… Russia declared war on Austria Russia declared war on Austria Germany declares war on Russia and its ally France Germany declares war on Russia and its ally France France and England declare war on Germany France and England declare war on Germany At the beginning: At the beginning: Central Powers: Austria- Hungary, Germany, Italy and Ottoman Empire Central Powers: Austria- Hungary, Germany, Italy and Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Russia, France, Serbia, England Allied Powers: Russia, France, Serbia, England Everyone thought the war would be over by Christmas The United States at first stayed out of the mess, but eventually they would be brought in. To be continued…