Some Practical Considerations for the GEO-CAPE Mission Sensitivity, Saturation, Sun glint, Cloud cover, etc Chuanmin Hu, Zhongping Lee, Keping Du, Antonio.

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Some Practical Considerations for the GEO-CAPE Mission Sensitivity, Saturation, Sun glint, Cloud cover, etc Chuanmin Hu, Zhongping Lee, Keping Du, Antonio Mannino NASA GEO-CAPE Science Working Group Meeting May 2011, Boulder, Colorado

Some practical considerations for the GEO-CAPE mission Sensitivity, Saturation, Sun glint, Cloud cover, etc Objectives Help define sensor constraints Help implement measurement plans NASA GEO-CAPE Science Working Group Meeting May 2011, Boulder, Colorado

SeaWiFS Florida Strait MODIS/Aqua Florida Strait Sensitivity versus Saturation

MODIS RGB (land bands) MODIS FLH (ocean bands) Sensitivity versus Saturation

Problem with Low Saturation

SeaWiFS Solution Knee Values

551 (555)667 (670)748 (765)869 (865) MODIS Saturation SeaWiFS Knee MODIS versus SeaWiFS Units: mW  cm -2  m -1  sr -1

How Precise are MODIS Chl? 5-10% RMS speckle noise. Resolves to <0.005 mg m -3 at low concentrations

MODIS Fluorescence Sensitivity MODIS/Aqua Chl, Sargasso Sea MODIS FLH Not sufficient to resolve Chl < 0.1 mg m -3 Then, how do we choose the trade between sensitivity and dynamic range (saturation)?

MODIS versus SeaWiFS Radiance (L) units: mW  cm -2  m -1  sr -1. Numbers in () are for SeaWiFS 1 DN of MODIS 678 band is corresponding to 0.1 – 0.2 mg m -3 Chl Band (nm) Res.L (1 DN) NE  L m m m m km (0.0136) (0.0130) km (0.0076) (0.0080) km (0.0042) (0.0056)

From Xing et al. (2007, Ocean Science Journal) MODIS (10) (10) (10) MERIS (10) (7.5) (9) GLI (10)679.9 (10) (10) GOCI (20) (10) (20) MODIS MERIS GLI GOCI NE  L (mW  cm -2  m -1  sr -1 ) Band Center (Bandwidth) MODIS versus Others

MODIS/Aqua Lt (typical)

MODIS/Aqua Lt (max)

Lt Dynamic Range

Question With these MODIS-based settings, can GEO- CAPE differentiate fluorescence quantum efficience changes at large solar zenith angles?

Chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yield Morrison (2003, L&O) Decreased Photochemical Quenching Increased Non- Photochemical Quenching Quantum Yield PAR (  mole  m -2  s -1 )  0 = 60 o  0 = 70 o  0 = 80 o

Surface PAR

Hours from Sunrise and Sunset PAR ~ 970 PAR ~ 600 PAR ~ 250

PAR ~ 970 PAR ~ 600 PAR ~ 250 Hours from Sunrise and Sunset

Sensitivity of L w 685 to solar/viewing geometry

Sensitivity of fluorescence (L w 685 and FLH) to solar/viewing geometry MODIS NE  L (678 nm) ~ mW  cm -2  m -1  sr -1

Chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yield Morrison (2003, L&O) Decreased Photochemical Quenching Increased Non- Photochemical Quenching Quantum Yield PAR (  mole  m -2  s -1 )  0 = 60 o  0 = 70 o  0 = 80 o

Sensitivity of fluorescence (L w 685 and FLH) to solar/viewing geometry MODIS NE  L (678 nm) ~ mW  cm -2  m -1  sr -1 Assuming MODIS sensitivity on GEO-CAPE and a constant fluorescence efficiency (quantum yield) of 2%, for Chl = 0.5, FLH decreased by mW  cm -2  m -1  sr -1 (nearly halved) from  0 =60 o to 70 o. Quantum efficiency nearly doubled from  0 =60 o to 70 o, resulting in similar FLH changes if everything else remains the same. Conclusion: With MODIS sensitivity on GEO-CAPE, it is possible to derive fluorescence quantum efficiency changes in the non-photochemical regime for Chl ~> 0.5 mg m -3

June 22. # of hourly observations with non- photochemical quenching (100 < PAR < 1000) Dec. 22. # of hourly observations with non- photochemical quenching (100 < PAR < 1000)

Summary on Sensitivity  MODIS sensitivity can serve as a good template Sufficient to resolve fluorescence quantum efficiency changes between  0 =60 o to 80 o for Chl ~ 0.5 or higher  Saturation radiance determined from MODIS measurements (together with ACE missions). May need adjustment when global dataset is considered.

Twice/day versus once/day Cloud Avoidance - TBD

June 22. # of hourly observations with  o < 80 o June 22. # of hourly observations with sun glint (wind = 6 m/s) Sun Glint Considerations

Dec. 22. # of hourly observations with  o < 80 o Dec. 22. # of hourly observations with sun glint (wind = 6 m/s) Sun Glint Considerations

Sun Glint Is Not Always A Bad Thing % of days showing surface oil presence, April 22 – July 31, 2010 Makes it easier to detect oil spills

-135W GOES West-75W GOES East Characteristics of the visible band of GOES imager: Wavelength: 550~750 nm Spatial resolution: 1 km Spatial coverage (Routinely): Every 3 hours for Full disk & 15 min for Continental U.S. Range of Measurement: 1.6~ 100% albedo Accuracy: ±5% of the maximum scene radiance

Cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium erythraeum) blooms observed by GOES and MODIS What Time Is Desirable to Capture Diurnal Changes? WFS 5/22/2004

Conclusions - MODIS sensitivity can be followed - Saturation radiance may need adjustment - Need to implement a data acquisition matrix to optimize performance for science needs - Timing and frequency of measurements - Synoptic or targeted mode, where/when - Clouds and glint considerations NASA GEO-CAPE Science Working Group Meeting May 2011, Boulder, Colorado

MODIS, MERIS, GLI, etc. MODIS (9): (SNR) (all 10-nm bandwidth except and 869.5) MERIS (15): (SNR) Not available. But has SNR > 2000 for typical TOA radiance (all 10-nm bandwidth except , , and ) GLI (19): (2) (2) (SNR) Not available. (all 10-nm bandwidth except 763 and 865) For coral reef mapping: (Hochberg et al., 2003) For inter-tidal benthic algae: <500, 540, 565, 580, 610, 790 (Borstad, pers. comm.)