CHAPTER 25 The Global Crisis

U.S Foreign Policy “I think I may say that I have witnessed as much of the horror and suffering of war as any other American. From it I have derived a deep passion for peace. Our foreign policy has one primary objective, and that is peace” -Hebert Hoover, 1928

Impact of WW1 8 million deaths total, over 100,000 Americans Fear of being dragged into another European conflict Desire to stay out of Europe’s problems

Isolationism Withdrawal from world affairs Staying out of other people’s business and keeping to yourself Myth of isolationism…was the United States really an isolationist nation?

U.S Goals 1. Avoid War 2. Improve Relations with Latin America 3. Stay out of the affairs of Europe

Washington Conference Agreement between 9 countries to limit the size of their navy Disarmament: reducing size of military 5 Power Treaty  Great Britain and the U.S would have equal naval strength; Japan would be limited to 60% of the naval strength of the U.S and Great Britain  France and Italy would have half as many battleships as Japan.

5 Power Treaty

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg Briand Pact (1928): an agreement to never go to war again French Prime Minister and German Secretary of State 14 Nations No method of enforcement 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia

Refusal to Join League of Nations International peace making body formed after WWI President Wilson’s idea US Congress would not approve Henry Cabot Lodge US never joins

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge “We are a great moral asset of Christian civilization…How did we get there? By our own efforts. Nobody led us, nobody guided us, nobody controlled us…I would keep America as she has been-not isolated, not prevent her from joining other nations for…great purposes-but I wish her to be the master of her own fate.” What are Lodge’s opinions about isolationism?

Loans to Europe Economic health of U.S depended on Europe Europe struggled economically after the war U.S needed to help Europe pay back debts Dawes Plan: US would loan money to Europe Circular Loans: U.S lends money to Germany- Germany pays loans to France/Great Britain-France and Great Britain pay back loans to U.S

Dawes Plan

Improving Relations with Latin America Hoover: 10 week tour of Latin America Withdrew American troops from Haiti Support new Latin American governments, no matter how they were established

Improving Relations with Latin America FDR  Good Neighbor Policy: No state has the right to intervene in the affairs of another state  US would allow Latin America to govern self  Reversal of Roosevelt Corollary/Monroe Doctrine

Meanwhile in Europe Hitler is elected Chancellor Nazi Party becoming popular Aryan Racial Superiority Anti-Semitism Lebensraum for “master race”

Hitler’s Acts of Aggressions Treaty of Versailles (6 points) 1933: Hitler becomes chancellor 1936: Occupies Rhineland March 1938: Invades Austria September 1938: Invades Sudetenland September 1938: Munich Conference March 1939: Invades rest of Czechoslovakia August 1939: Hitler signs non-aggression act with Soviet Union September 1939: Invades Poland September 1939: France and Britain Declare war on Germany

Neutrality Acts US makes a promise not to get involved in the upcoming war in Europe 1935, 1936, 1937

Munich Conference Reaction to Hitler invading Sudetenland France and Great Britain want to resolve crisis from turning into war Hitler says “this is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe” Policy of appeasement established Appeasement: Giving into an aggressor nation to avoid conflict

Quarantine Speech October 1937 Chicago, Illinois Franklin D. Roosevelt

Neutrality Tested 1939: Allies at war, US remains “neutral” Cash and Carry Policy: U.S sold weapons to allied powers

Meanwhile in Europe France falls Provisional government established in Vichy, France Allies losing the war Hitler taking over Europe FDR asks for money to support Allies American opinion starting to change

Neutrality Abandoned 1940: Allies can no longer afford to purchase weapons from US Lend Lease Act: U.S would loan weapons to Allies if they promised to pay them back when war ended

Nazi-Soviet Relations 1941: Germany invaded Soviet Union End of Nazi-Soviet Pact Soviets join Allies

Atlantic Charter April 1941 US and Great Britain Secret meeting on ship off cost of Newfoundland Goals for how the world would look when war ended

4 Freedoms Speech DY DY January 6, 1941

Japanese Anger Tripartite Act (1940): Germany, Italy and Japan join forces as Axis Powers Japan treated poorly in Treaty of Versailles Want to be accepted by western nations Invaded Vietnam (French colony) U.S placed embargo (stopping trade) with Japanese  Japan cannot purchase essential supplies like oil and scrap metal Japan/U.S peace talks in DC in November 1941 (neither side will budge)

Pearl Harbor Sunday December 7, 1941 Naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Surprise attack 8 battleships, 2 cruisers, 188 airplanes Over 2,000 deaths Over 1,000 injuries Unification of American people to go to war A date which will live in infamy

America Under Attack (FDR and Pearl Harbor) (Bush and 9/11)