RELATIVE CLAUSES PB RELATIVE PRONOUNS ● who, that, which, when, where, whose ● whose and who's ● what and that ● PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES ● DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ● Omission of relative pronouns ● NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ● REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB WHO, THAT, WHICH, WHEN, WHERE, WHOSE We use relative pronouns to add a new clause (the relative clause) to a sentence. We use a relative pronoun that refers to the noun before the relative clause. That's the woman. She / That woman climbed Everest. > That's the woman who climbed Everest. We use who and that to refer to people. > That's the man who / that won the race. We can also use whom, but only in very formal language, and only when the person is the object of the sentence. > There is the boy (whom) I rescued. [very formal]. // There is the boy (who / that) I rescued. [informal] We use which and that to refer to things. > This is the mountain (which / that) I climbed. We use when to refer to time. > It was late when they reached the summit. We use where to refer to spaces and places. > This is the place (where) the accident happened. // The city where he grew up is now famous. [!] We use whose to refer to possession. > Is that the man whose daughter climbs skyscrapers?

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB WHOSE AND WHO'S Do not confuse who's and whose in relative clauses. Whose is a relative pronoun which refers to possession, e.g. They're the children whose mother is famous. Who's is the contracted form of who is or who has, e.g. The girl who's (= who is) standing over there is a brilliant surfer. That's the man who's (= who has) just been given an award for bravery. WHAT AND THAT We can use that instead of who or which in relative clauses, e.g. The teacher that (= who) we had last year has retired. Can I see the prize that (= which) you won? We often use that after something, anything, everything, nothing, all and superlatives, e.g. Everything that (= which) she cooks is delicious. It's the most exciting thing that I've ever done. We use what to mean 'the thing(s) that', e.g. I don't agree with what (= the things that) she said. It's what (= the thing that) he wanted.

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES We can put prepositions before a relative pronoun, or at the end of a relative clause. In a relative clause with a preposition, we use which for a thing and whom for a person, e.g. [!] That's the singer whom I was telling you about. That is the city which he came from. In formal English, we usually put the preposition before the relative pronoun, e.g. That is the lake in which the boys swam. In informal English, we usually put the preposition at the end of the clause, e.g. Where's the girl who he came with? Be careful! We do not use who or that in relative clauses with prepositions, e.g. [!] The company for who I worked never paid me. > The company for whom I worked never paid me. The team with that I played was not very good. > The team with which I played was not very good.

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining relative clauses give essential information about the noun that they follow. Without the relative clause, we do not know which person, thing, place or time the speaker is referring to,.e.g. That's the bike which I want to buy. This is the boy who bought the bike. Omission of relative pronouns We can omit the relative pronoun if it is the object of a defining relative clause. If a relative pronoun is followed by another subject + a verb, it is probably the object of a relative clause, e.g. That's the medal (that / which) they gave to him. He's the boy (that / who) I helped. We often omit the relative pronouns who, which, that, where and when, especially in spoken English. Be careful! We cannot omit the relative pronoun whose, e.g. That's the woman whose son is in my class. > NOT That's the woman son is in my class.

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Non-defining relative clauses give extra information which is not essential about the noun that they follow. If we remove the relative clause, we still know which person, thing, place or time the speaker is referring to, e.g. This bike is falling apart. This sentence is already complete, but we can add extra information to it in a non-defining relative clause, e.g. This bike, which I've had since I was twelve, is falling apart. [The relative clause gives us extra information about the bike.] We tried bungee jumping, which was really exciting. [The relative clause gives us extra information about bungee jumping.] We cannot omit the relative pronoun from a non-defining relative clause, e.g. In the summer, when it was really hot, we went surfing. > NOT In the summer, it was really hot, we went surfing. Surfing, which is a very old sport, probably began in Polynesia. > NOT Surfing, is a very old sport, probably began in Polynesia.

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES We always use commas to separate the non-defining clause from the rest of the sentence, e.g. The surfers, who were all very experienced, wanted to find bigger waves. She was born in Honolulu, which is the capital of Hawaii. We can combine two simple sentences by using a non-defining relative clause, e.g. My friend is called Carla. She's a skateboarder. > > > My friend, who's a skateboarder, is called Carla. OR My friend, who's called Carla, is a skateboarder. Be careful! We can never use that in a non-defining relative clause. We always use who or which, e.g. Climbing, which is a popular sport, can be dangerous. NOT Climbing, that is a popular sport, can be dangerous. My sister, who loves extreme sports, wants to open a sport shop. NOT My sister, that loves extreme sports, wants to open a sport shop.

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WHICH Which can be used when the relative clause makes reference to a complete sentence / action, e.g. She passed all her exams in June, which surprised me a lot. [which substitutes / refers to the whole sentence 'She passed all her exams in June'] (Aprobó todos los exámenes en junio, lo cual me sorprendió mucho.) Ann did not want to marry Tom, which surprised everybody. [Aquí which se refiere a toda la frase anterior.]

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES Some defining relative clauses can be shortened to participle clauses. We can sometimes use an -ing participle form to replace a relative pronoun + an active verb in any tense, e.g. This is the watch which belongs to my brother. > This is the watch belonging to my brother. The man who is wearing the red shirt is Jessie's boyfriend. > The man wearing the red shirt is Jessie's boyfriend. We can sometimes use a past participle form to replace a relative pronoun + a passive verb in any tense, e.g. Any cars which are parked illegally will be removed. > Any cars parked illegally will be removed. Most of the people who were invited arrived early. > Most of the people invited arrived early.

RELATIVE CLAUSES PB OTROS ASPECTOS DE LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO Podemos emplear un infinitivo detras de the first, the second, the third, etc., the last, the only en lugar de una oración de relativo, e.g. We were the first people to arrive. [We were the first people who arrived] Arthur was the only student to answer the question correctly. [Arthur was the only student who answered the question correctly.] He was the last person to leave the house on fire. [He was the last person who left the house on fire.] Empleamos la estructura It is / was + sustantivo (o pronombre) + oración de relativo para dar énfasis al sujeto de la oración de relativo, e.g. It is my father who helps me do my homework. It was that policeman who rescued the children.