The Nervous System The nervous system controls all of your bodily functions. It is essentially your bodies “computer.”

What is happening here? Look at the pictures below and describe what you think is happening in each step. Do not worry about using scientific vocabulary.

Neuron Synapse Neurotransmitter Dendrite Axon Axon terminal Reflex Arc Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Vesicles Vocabulary

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Vocabulary Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem Hypothalamus Thalamus Medulla Oblongata Pons MidBrain Pituitary Gland Hippocampus

Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System –Brain –Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System –All of the other nerves

Central Nervous System Brain Brain Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System All the nerves in the rest of your body Sensory nerves carry messages from the body to the brain Motor nerves carry messages from the brain to the body

Peripheral NS Autonomic Controls INVOLUNTARY actions of the nervous system. Breathing, heart beating, hormone secretion Responds to INTERNAL stimuli to maintain homeostasis Somatic Controls the VOLUNTARY actions of the nervous system. Movement, speech, senses. Responds to EXTERNAL stimuli to maintain homeostasis

The Senses

The senses give the body information about the outside environment The body responds to this information using a reflex arc. A reflex arc is the pathway along the central nervous system where an impulse must travel to bring about a reflex; e.g., sneezing or coughing.

The BRAIN Cerebrum 2.Cerebellum 3.Medulla Oblongata 4.Pons 5.MidBrain 6.Thalamus 7.Hypothalamus 8.Pituitary 9. Hippocampus

Moving Touching Thinking Talking Hearing Taste Smelling Seeing Balance Sleeping, dreaming Breathing, Heart Beating Memory emotion hippocampus

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Parts of the Brain ComponentFunctions 1. Cerebrum Controls learning, judgment, intelligence 2. Cerebellum Coordinates the muscles. Maintains balance 3. Medulla Oblongata Connects the brain to the spinal cord, regulates breathing, swallowing, and your heart beat 4. Pons controls sleeping and dreaming, connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Parts of the Brain (cont) 5. Midbrain Adjusts the sensitivity of your ears and eyes to noise and sound. 6. Thalamus Coordinates the muscles, maintains balance, allows you to feel pain, temperature and pressure 7. Hypothalamus Regulates the activities of the endocrine glands, hunger, emotion, body temperature. 8. Pituitary Gland Endocrine Gland that controls blood pressure, growth, metabolism, and development.

The Spinal Cord

Reflex Arc 1.Receptor receives stimulus 2.Sensory neuron sends signal to the CNS 3.Interneuron travels within the CNS to determine response 4.Motor neuron sends signal to the muscle to respond 5.Muscle (effector) responds

Reflex Arc Applied

How do nerve impulses travel? Nerve Impulses travel from the body to the brain and back again through neurons. –Neurons are like roads, just with no bridges. Neurons are not right next to each other. There is a space between neurons called a synapse. A synapse is the space between neurons

Axon Terminal Axon Node of Ranvier Nucleus Myelin Sheath Dendrites Cell Body Schwann’s Cell

The inside of a neuron

What is inside of a neuron? A neuron has many of the same"organelles," such as mitochondria, cytoplasm and a nucleus, as other cells in the body *Nucleus - contains genetic material (chromosomes) including information for cell development and synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival. Covered by a membrane.

* Nucleolus - produces ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins *Nissl Bodies - groups of ribosomes used for protein Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - system of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm. Can have ribosomes (rough ER) or no ribosomes (smooth ER). With ribosomes, the ER is important for protein synthesis.

*Golgi Apparatus -membrane-bound structure important in packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles. *Mitochondria - produce energy to fuel cellular activities.

Types of Neurons (a) Motor Neuron (b) Interneuron (c) Sensory Neuron -

Sensory Neuron Afferent Neurons Sensory ) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system

Interneuron Sends messages inside the CNS Connector between sensory and motor neurons Most interneurons are located in the central * Informs the CNS of external conditions

Motor Neuron EFFERENT NEURONS Send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Causes movement, reflexes, etc :

Synapse The space between the axon on the sending neuron and the dendrite on the receiving neuron. Chemicals called neurotransmitters send the signal across the gap. mitochondria Dendrite Axon terminal vesicle receptor neurotransmitter Transporter

Axon Terminal Axo n Node of Ranvier Nucleu s Myeli n Sheat h Dendrit es Cell Body Schwann’s Cell

mitochondria Dendrite Axon terminal vesicle receptor neurotransmitter Transporter

Parts of the Neuron Component Functions Axon The long stem of the neuron that carries impulses AWAY from the cell body Axon Terminals The hair like ends of the axon. Transmit chemical messages across the synapse Cell Body The control box of the neuron. Contains the nucleus. Dendrite Branching structure that receives chemical messages

Parts of the Neuron(cont) ComponentFunctions Myelin Sheath Fatty substance that protects the axon Node of Ranvier Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow the action potential to occur Nucleus Organelle in the cell body that contains genetic information Schwann’s Cells Cells that produce myelin

Synapse: Step 1 Neurons communicate using electrical and chemical messages. Electrical impulses send information ALONG the neuron. Chemicals send information BETWEEN neurons

Synapse: Step 2 The electrical impulse reaches the axon terminal (also called the presynaptic axon) Vesicles begin to move toward the membrane

Synapse: Step 3 Vesicles reach the membrane and fuse with the membrane The vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic space

Synapse: Step 4 Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic space The neurotransmitters bind with special proteins called receptors on the post synaptic dendrite

Synapse: Step 5 The receptor changes the chemical signal back into an electrical signal The electrical impulse is sent toward the axon of the postsynaptic neuron

Synapse: Step 6 The receptor releases the neurotransmitters back into the synaptic space The neurotransmitters are either taken back into the axon through transporters or destroyed by enzymes in the synaptic space. Full Impulse Animation

Neurotransmitters crossing the synapse

a neuron

The hippocampus processes memory The hippocampus also communicates with other brain regions that process new information into long-term memory In the brain, under the influence of marijuana, new information ma never register - and may be lost from memory. Hippocampus

HIPPOCAMPUS NEURON