Semester One Review

Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy= structure Physiology = function

Levels of Organization in the body

Term practice Superior = above Inferior= below Medial= middle Lateral= side Proximal= closer to the point of attachment Distal= further away from the point of attachment Anterior= front Posterior= behind

Cavities Cavity= any space that holds an organ Types: – Cranial (head) – Thoracic (chest) – Abdominal (stomach) – Pelvic (inside pelvic bones) – Vertebral (spinal cord) – Pleural (lungs) – Pericardial (heart)

HINT!!!! Mediastinum= middle space between the two pleural cavities

Membranes Parietal = covers surface of cavity Visceral = covers the surface of the organ

Tissues Types: 1) Epithelial (use word combos: simple, squamous, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, pseudo) 2) Connective (all of the tissues that connect things…Ex: blood, adipose, loose CT) 3) Muscle (3 types: smooth, skeletal, cardiac) 4) Nerve ( know what a neuron looks like!!!)

White Board Quiz Your possible answers are: Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, or Connective

Question #1 This tissue lines body cavities and always has a free surface

Question #2 The heart is an example of this type of tissue

Question #3 This tissue is involuntary contractile tissue

Question #4 This tissue type binds structures together

Question #5 The cells of this tissue type reproduce rapidly

Question #6 This tissue type is connected to a basement membrane

Question #7 This tissue type is found in the brain and spinal cord

Question #8 This is a tissue found in cartilage and bone

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Central Nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Made of the nerves that connect the CNS to other body parts

Parts of a neuron Cell Body- contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and other organelles

Parts of a neuron Dendrite- type of branched nerve fiber The “fingers” of the neuron, or main receptor sites

Parts of a neuron Axon- nerve fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body

Parts of a neuron Myelin sheath (Schwann cells)- cells wrapped around the axon like a bandage Nodes of Ranvier- narrow gaps in the myelin sheath

Steps of action potential 1) threshold reached (stimulated) 2) Channels open for sodium to rush in (they are attracted to the negative inside) 3) membrane becomes depolarized, or looses its negative charge 4) Channels open for potassium to flow out of the membrane 5) membrane becomes repolarized, or is negative again

Reflex arc

Parts of the brain

Label and describe the parts of the heart and blood flow pathway

Gas Exchange in Lungs and Body Tissues

How do you keep your Cardiovascular system healthy? STOP SMOKING!!! Blood pressure (normal is 120/80) Lower Cholesterol Eat a healthy diet (low in saturated and trans fats- brown foods, not white) Exercise and maintain a healthy weight and reduce stress Learn about the symptoms of heart attacks Symptoms of a heart attack: Chest pain that lasts several minutes or goes away and comes back. You may feel a squeezing sensation in your chest Pain and discomfort in other areas of the body, including the arms, back, neck, stomach and jaw Cold sweats, vomiting, nausea, indigestion and unexplained fatigue Shortness of breath Females are more likely than males to experience the common symptoms, mainly nausea/vomiting, back or jaw pain and shortness of breath.