1 PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of _______________ (Greek – “a cutting up”) Physiology – study of _______________ (Greek – “relationship to nature”) Structure is always related to function

3 Levels of Organization Figure 1.3 – The human body is composed of parts within parts, which vary in complexity

4 Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – Atom – Molecule – Macromolecule – Organelle – Cell – Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism -

5 Clinical Application Medical Imaging Noninvasive procedures Provide _________________________________ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Requires ______________ Produces computerized images from different angles Ultrasonography Use of _____________ ___________________ Quick and inexpensive Ex._____________

6 Characteristics of Life Movement – Responsiveness – Growth – Respiration – Reproduction –

7 Characteristics of Life Absorption – Circulation – Assimilation – Excretion – Digestion –

8 Requirements of Organisms Life depends on five environmental factors

9 Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for ______________________ - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary _______________ - supplies _______________ - supplies raw materials

10 Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (Gas, 1/5 of air) - ____________________________________________ Heat (energy) - ____________________________________________ - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for ____________ - ____________________________________________

11 Homeostasis ____________________________________________ This is done by keeping conditions in a homeostatic range compatible with life, near a “set point” value. Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by ______ ___________ (see example below), which bring conditions back toward set point. Sometimes conditions are purposely moved away from the setpoint - __________________.

12 Homeostasis Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes Receptors - _____________________________ Control center - __________________________________ ______________________________________ Effectors - ________________________________ _________________________________________

13 Homeostatic Mechanisms Fig. 1.6 A homeostatic mechanism monitors a particular aspect of the internal environment and corrects any changes back to the value indicated by the set point

14 The Homeostatic Mechanism that regulate body temperature _______________________ = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6 ºF Targets: Sweat glands (___________) Superficial blood vessels (__________) Heart rate (____________) Diaphragm (____________________) Hypothalamus: ____________________ Response: ___________________________ Ex: of positive feedback =____________________

15 Body Cavities: Human Body AXIAL PORTION ____________ APPENDICULAR PORTION ____________ HUMAN BODY

16 Major Body Cavities THORACIC CAVITY ____________ CRANIAL CAVITY ____________ VERTEBRAL CANAL ____________ ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY ____________ PELVIC CAVITY ____________

17 Body Cavities Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities. Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.

18 Body Cavities: Cavities in the Head Fig page 14

19 Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes Serous Membrane – a soft, thin pliable layer of tissue that either: –(a) covers an organ – ______________________ –(b) lines a cavity or body wall – _____________ ________________________ There is a space between the visceral and parietal membrane into which _____________ is secreted for _____________.

20 Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes Membranes around the heart, lungs and abdominal organs: –Serous membranes of the LUNGS: Visceral pleura ( ) Parietal pleura ( ) The space between these two membranes is the and is filled with _____________ –Serous membranes of the HEART: ____________________ The space between these membranes is the _________________ –Serous membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS: _________________________ The space in between these membranes is the _________________

21 Serous Membranes: A transverse cut (superior view) Fig A transverse section through the thorax reveals the serous membranes associated with the heart and lungs

22 Fig A trasnverse section through the abdomen Serous Membranes: A transverse cut (superior view)

23 Organ Systems

24 Organ Systems

25 Organ Systems

26 Organ Systems

27 Organ Systems

28 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – ____________________________, _____________________________________________ Terms of Relative Position Superior (___________) versus Inferior (___________) Anterior (___________) versus Posterior (___________) Medial (___________) versus Lateral (___________) Ipsilateral (__________) versus Contralateral (__________) Proximal (___________) vs. Distal (___________) Superficial vs. Peripheral = ___________ Deep = ___________

29 Body Sections (or cut) Sagittal: divides into ______________ portions (next slide) Midsagittal:________________________ Median / Parasagittal:______________________ Transverse or Horizontal: divides the body into _________ ____________________________ Coronal or Frontal:______________________________ Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal: _________________ ____________________________________

30 A brain sectioned along three planes: Body Sections

31 Body Sections The internal parts need sectioning the body along various planes

32 Body Sections

33 Abdominal Subdivisions A common way to subdivide the abdominal area: One way is to divide the abdominal area into ____________

34 Abdominal Subdivisions A common way to subdivide the abdominal area: One way is to divide the abdominal area into _____________

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36 Buccal MucosaPlantar Fasciitis Pharyngeal TonsilCalcaneal Tendonitis Axillary ArteryInguinal Hernia Carpel Tunnel SyndromeMammary Gland Otic GanglionLumbar Puncture Mental ForamenPediculous Pubis Acromial TendonitisGluteal Tendonopathy Bacterial Pharyngitis Patellar Subluxation