Mark Englund “The Best Intern Ever”

Endocrine  The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produces these hormones, which are necessary for normal bodily functions.  Hormones regulate metabolism, growth and sexual development.  These glands release the hormones directly into the bloodstream, where they are transported to organs and tissues throughout the entire body.

Giantism  Abnormally large growth due to an excess of growth hormone during childhood, before the bone growth plates have closed.

S & S  Delayed puberty  Double vision or difficulty with side (peripheral) vision  Frontal blossing and a prominent jaw  Headache  Increased sweating  Irregular periods (menstruation)  Large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes  Release of breast milk  Thickening of the facial features  Weakness

Treatments (all to reduce hormone)  Pituitary Surgery  Medications  Somatostatin analogs  Dopamine agonists  Pegvisomant  Radiation therapy(5-10 yrs)

Complications  Hypogonadism  Ovaries or testes themselves do not function properly.  Hypothyroidism  a condition in which the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormone.  Adrenal insufficiency  a condition in which the kidneys can't conserve water, leading to excessive water loss.  Diabetes insipidus (rarely)  a disorder in which there is an abnormal increase in urine output, fluid intake and often thirst.  Which all lead to death basically!!!!!!!

Integumentary System (Largest Organ)  The skin  Epidermis  outermost layer of the skin  Dermis  second layer of skin, directly beneath the epidermis  Subcutaneous Layer  final layer of skin

Epidermis Only layer capable of cell division 'pushing up' cells to replenish the outer layer Only layer capable of cell division 'pushing up' cells to replenish the outer layer Always shedding dead cells. Always shedding dead cells. Does not contain blood vessels Does not contain blood vessels Contains the pigment melanin which gives skin color and allows the skin to tan, uneven distribution of melanin causes 'freckles'. Contains the pigment melanin which gives skin color and allows the skin to tan, uneven distribution of melanin causes 'freckles'. Protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form finger nails. (1 mm per week on average. ) Protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form finger nails. (1 mm per week on average. )

Dermis Consists of blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves, lymph vessels, glands, receptors, hair shafts Consists of blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves, lymph vessels, glands, receptors, hair shafts two layers, two layers, –upper papillary  (it has ridges and valleys causing finger prints )  contains receptors which communicate with the Central Nervous System, these include touch, pressure, hot, cold and pain receptors. –lower reticular

Subcutaneous Layer Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis) Layers of fat Layers of fat Helps body stay warm Helps body stay warm Absorbs shock Absorbs shock Start of hair Start of hair

Purpose Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs Protects the body's internal living tissues and organs Protects against invasion by infectious organisms Protects against invasion by infectious organisms Protects the body from dehydration Protects the body from dehydration Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature Helps dispose of waste materials Helps dispose of waste materials Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat and cold Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat and cold Stores water, fat, and vitamin D. Stores water, fat, and vitamin D.

Contusions (Bruise)  Contusions occur when a direct blow or repeated blows from a blunt object strike part of the body, crushing underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin.

S & S  Bruising of the skin  Swelling  Localized pain  Tenderness over the bruised skin

Treatment  Rest: Protect the injured area  Ice: Apply ice  Compression: Lightly wrap the injured area in a soft bandage or ace wrap.  Elevation: Raise it to a level above the heart.

Complications  Compartment Syndrome  Build-up of pressure from fluids several hours after a contusion injury can disrupt blood flow and prevent nourishment from reaching the muscle group.  Myositis Ossificans  a condition in which the bruised muscle grows bone instead of new muscle cells.

Questions What does the Endocrine system do? What does the Endocrine system do? –necessary for normal bodily functions What causes Giantism? What causes Giantism? –Abnormally large growth due to an excess of growth hormone What are the three layers if the Integumentary System? What are the three layers if the Integumentary System? –Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Layer What are the S & S of a contusion? What are the S & S of a contusion? –Bruising of the skin –Swelling –Localized pain –Tenderness over the bruised skin How do you treat contusions? How do you treat contusions? –RICE