KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds Subphylum Spermopsida Seeds ‘naked’ Seeds enclosed Class Gymnospermidia Sub Class Liliopsida MONOCOTS Sub Class Magnoliopsida DICOTS Class Angiospermidia

Subphylum Spermopsida (seed bearing plants) True roots (with vascular tissue) Reproduction without water (evolved flower) Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

Class Angiospermidia Class Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants) 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA. 1.Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA. 235,000 to 300,000 species ,000 to 300,000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae) Ubiquitous 3. Ubiquitous (found everywhere) 4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This greatly increased their chances of survival.

5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates.

PISTIL PISTIL (female) is made up of: STAMEN STAMEN (male) is made up of: Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen Style – carries pollen to the ovary Ovary – contains the eggs. Ovule – surrounds the eggs Anthers – produce pollen Filament – raises anthers in the air

ACCESSORY ORGANS ACCESSORY ORGANS: function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar. Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up Receptacle: releases odour Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

carpel 6. Seeds borne within a carpel Protection: a leaf like structure that encloses the seed. imple stamen 7. Pollen on a simple stamen: Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers. Less energy required. More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

8. Specialized pollen 8. Specialized pollen: The pollen grain is very specific to the female stigma (lock and key). Prevents inbreeding. 9. Double fertilization 9. Double fertilization: a) 1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote  becomes an embryo The pollen grain also has enzymes to digest into the style and ovary. b) Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei  endosperm (food for the zygote) Double fertilization

10. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation 11. More developed vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

Dicots Dicots (ie: rose, apple trees…) Two seed cotelydons Germinates and puts off 2 leaves Has a netted vein pattern Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year) Herbaceous & woody forms

Order Magnoliidae Magnolia Tree Poppy Buttercup Water lily

Order Hamamelidae Elm Tree Oak Tree Birch Tree

Order Caryophyllidae Cactus Pinks Buckwheat

Order Dilleniidae Mallow, hibiscus… Pitcher plant Sundew, venus fly trap Some herbs

Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees Mustard plant Rhododendron

Order Rosidae Stone crop Rose hips Geraniums

Legumes Evening Primrose Mistletoe: a parasite on trees and shrubs Carrots, parsley

Grape Virginia Creeper Maple trees Poison Ivy

Order Asteridae Milkweed Nightshade (potatoe) Snapdragon

Daisy Gentian Morning Glory Olive

Monocots Monocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…) One seed cotelydon Germinates and puts off 1 leaf Has a parallel vein pattern Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die) All are Herbaceous (non-woody)

Order Alismatidae Arrowhead

Order Arecidae Palm Trees Philodendron

Order Commelinidae Rush Spiderwort Sedge Grass

Bur-reed Cat tail

Pineapple Order Zingiberidae

Order Liliidae Lily Iris Orchid

FERTILIZATION A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary. One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote. After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo. A 2 nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3N). It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

In most plants the seed develops inside the original ovary of the flower. ZYGOTE EMBRYO OVULE SEED OVARY FRUIT The seed is covered by the old ovary which grows and becomes the fruit. The fruit attracts animals which will eat it and then distribute the seeds in their feces.

112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html LIFE CYCLE ANIMATION

POLLINATORS

SEED DISPERSAL

Wolffia plants also produce the world's smallest flower, a bouquet of one dozen plants will easily fit on the head of a pin and two Wolffia angusta plants in full bloom will fit inside a small printed letter "o" on this page. CHECK IT OUT! CHECK IT OUT! BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERS (ie: smallest flowering plant)

Table Of Contents: 1. The World's Oldest Living Thing 2. The World's Oldest Living Fossil 3. The World's Most Massive Living Thing 4. The World's Tallest Tree 5. The World's Hardest & Heaviest Wood 6. The World's Smallest Flowering Plant 7. The World's Smallest And Largest Fruit 8. The World's Largest Vegetable 9. The World's Smallest And Largest Seed 10. Longest Distance Traveled By Drift Seed 11. World's Fastest Reproducing Plants 12. The World's Fastest Growing Plants 13. The World's Deadliest Plants 14. Most Painful Botanical Encounters 15. World's Most Valuable Plant Jewels 16. Go To Diversity Of Flowering PlantsThe World's Oldest Living ThingThe World's Oldest Living FossilThe World's Most Massive Living ThingThe World's Tallest TreeThe World's Hardest & Heaviest WoodThe World's Smallest Flowering PlantThe World's Smallest And Largest FruitThe World's Largest VegetableThe World's Smallest And Largest SeedLongest Distance Traveled By Drift SeedWorld's Fastest Reproducing PlantsThe World's Fastest Growing PlantsThe World's Deadliest PlantsMost Painful Botanical EncountersWorld's Most Valuable Plant JewelsGo To Diversity Of Flowering Plants

Drugs ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT. The majority of our medicines Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean) Beauty and inspiration Remove CO 2 and add O 2 to atmosphere Paper and clothes Building materials (birch, maple, oak)