13-1 Environmental Geology James Reichard Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13-2 Chapter 13 Conventional Fossil Fuel Resources

13-3 Human Use of Energy Electrical Electrical Chemical Chemical Thermal Thermal Kinetic Kinetic Potential Potential Nuclear Nuclear Radiant Radiant

13-4 Energy Conversions

13-5 Energy Conversions First Law of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Energy efficiency Energy efficiency

13-6 Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Renewable Renewable solar solar Nonrenewable Nonrenewable Fossil fuels Fossil fuels Secondary Secondary electricity electricity

13-7 Historical Energy Use

13-8 Coal

13-9 Environmental Impacts of Coal Subsidence Subsidence Ecosystem destruction Ecosystem destruction Acid rain Acid rain Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Acid mine drainage Acid mine drainage

13-10 Petroleum Oil and natural gas Oil and natural gas

13-11 Migration & Accumulation Petroleum trap Petroleum trap Petroleum reservoir Petroleum reservoir Cap rock Cap rock

13-12 Migration & Accumulation

13-13 Petroleum Refining Distillation tower Distillation tower Heavy crude Heavy crude Light crude Light crude

13-14 Environmental Impacts of Petroleum Air pollution Air pollution Carbon dioxides Carbon dioxides Nitrous oxides Nitrous oxides Oil spills Oil spills Land Land Water Water Blowouts Blowouts

13-15 Economic Development & Energy Demand

13-16 Types of Energy We Consume

13-17 Energy Crisis

13-18 Energy Crisis Peak Oil Theory Peak Oil Theory Hubbert’s Peak Hubbert’s Peak Past the oil peak Past the oil peak

13-19 Solving the Energy Crisis Replacements for oil Replacements for oil Increase supply by reducing demand Increase supply by reducing demand Increase exploration and development Increase exploration and development Make gasoline and diesel from coal and heavy oils Make gasoline and diesel from coal and heavy oils Biofuels Biofuels Replace with renewable energy Replace with renewable energy