Bellringer Look over the Omaha Platform

Do Now: Compare your answers to the questions from the back of “The Jungle” with the person sitting next to you. If there are differences, discuss them.

Social and Political Reform in the Progressive Era

Do Now: Take out the questions from the textbook reading and compare your answers with the person next to you

Growth in Democracy ● The Secret Ballot (also called the “Australian” ballot) ● - Adopted in most states soon after 1884 ● - First election to use entirely the secret ballot was 1892 ● Direct Election of Senators ● - 17 th Amendment- formally adopted in 1913 ● Direct Primaries ● - Would allow the voters to choose the candidates of their party

Growth in Democracy ● Wanted adoption of initiatives, referendums, and recalls as rights of voters ● - Initiative: allows voters to propose laws ● - Referendum: allows citizens to vote on whether a law will be passed ● - Recall: Allows citizens to vote elected officials out of office

Women's Rights ● Women's Suffrage ● - 19 th Amendment passed in 1920 ● - Initially introduced by Elizabeth Caddy Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1878 ● - Amendment was ratified through the efforts of the “Suffragettes”

Women's Rights - Picketing during WWI was especially influential - Women became a part of war related industries - Political ideas of liberty espoused during the war - Picketed during visit from communist leaders - Because of this politicians started emphasizing public schools, child health, and prohibition - Eventually, as a result of the feminist movement in the 70's, women started gaining rights to more equal education and wages

Do Now: What were the women that demanded voting rights called and what kind of tactics did they use? What were two factors that helped sway public opinion in their favor? What were two other ways that democracy was increased during the progressive era?

Labor Movement ● American Federation of Labor became a major force ● - Powerful national organization of unions ● Goals of labor reformers ● - Safer factories ● - Shorter work days ● - Workers compensation for on-job injury ● - Higher wages ● - Right of unions to collectively bargain

Labor Movement ● Most labor reforms were enacted on the state level ● - Workers Comp. (2/3 of states) ● - Minimum working age (virtually all states) ● - Shorter hours for children (virtually all states) ● - Shorter hours for women (many states) ● - Old age pensions (some states)

African Americans ● W.E.B Dubois and Booker T. Washington were important activists ● Founding of the NAACP ● - W.E.B Dubois was an important founder along with others such as Oswald Garrison Villard and William English Walling ● - Dubois believed that African Americans had to actively struggle for Civil Rights

African Americans ● Booker T. Washington ● - Believed that African Americans had to be productive members of society and earn greater respect ● - Advocated vocational training (training in skills for various jobs) ● - Opened Tuskegee Institute ● - Hoped that African Americans could get more jobs and get economic equality ●

African Americans ● Marcus Garvey created the “Back to Africa” movement ● - Founded “Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities (Imperial) League” (UNIA) ● - Wanted to help develop a settlement in Liberia ● - Created the Black Star Shipping Company to bring people to Africa ● Dubois called him “the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world ● ● “

An Uphill Battle: Setbacks and Reactions Against African Americans

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) ● Upheld the idea of segregation in public facilities ● - Doctrine of “Separate but Equal” ●

Lynching ● Common strategy in the south to intimidate the African American community ● Ritualized violence: ● - carried out by a group of people ● - always involved torture ● - almost always ended in death ● - often involved hanging (either before or after death) ● Usually involved punishment for some supposed crime ● About 3,500 African Americans lynched between 1882 and 1968