ANIMAL KINGDOM

5 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Monera Bacteria & Blue green algae Kingdom Protista Algae & Protozoa Kingdom Fungi Slime molds & true fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom 1)Basis for other scientific and professional fields All these fields are responsible for improving/guarding the health or our pets, environment, and us Ex. Medicine, dentistry, teaching, agriculture, conservation

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom (2) Animals are used for scientific research A large part of what we know about genetics has come from using fruit flies Our understanding of physiology and surgery have been gained by using animals New drugs are tested on mice and various animals W/out such experimentation there would be no protection against rabies, smallpox, typhoid, diphtheria and many other diseases

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom (3) Animals serve as an important source of food and other products Almost every phylum of animals and class of larger animals contain a few species that reach our table Ex. Snails, mussels, oysters, lobster, ants, shrimp, fish, turtle, frogs, birds, and mammals Other (non-edible) products include sponges, coral, pears, honey, silk, feathers, furs, and leather

4 reasons why study the animal kingdom (4) Some animals may cause disease or are poisonous to humans Some flatworms and roundworms are parasites of humans and some jellyfish, scorpions, spiders, fish and snakes are poisonous to man

Important Characteristics of Animal Kingdom 1.All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and hetertrophic (obtain energy by feeding) 2.Most animals exhibit all four divisions of labor -Cells – tissues– organs– systems

Important Characteristics of Animal Kingdom 3. Most animals are motile but some are sessile (ex. sponges) 4. Most reproduce sexually with a typical life span including sperm and egg merging to form a zygote that develops into an embryo that develops into a larvae that matures into an adult

Criteria for classification of animals 1.Body plan 2.Number of germ cell layers 3.Larval Stages 4.Absence/presence of a coelom 5.Segmentation 6.Skeleton 7.Appendages 8.Absence/Presence of Symmetry 9.Homologous structures/organs

All animals move in order to satisfy 1 of their basic needs (food, water, shelter, escaping danger)

Division of animals

Animals have bilateral symmetry (1 line that can divide the animal into 2 identical parts) or radial symmetry ( many lines that can divide the animal into equal parts).

Phylums (Sub Kingdom): Invertebrates Phyla Include: sponges Cnidarians Worms

THE PHYLUM PORIFERA

INTRODUCTION TO PORIFERA unusual animals originally thought they were plants Are primarily marine, mostly in shallower waters Are sessile and attached to substrate or objects- occasionally on other animals such as crabs

Phylum – Porifera (sponge) Simplest form of animal No tissues or organs heterotrophic & cells that have specialized jobs Bodies pierced all over with openings called pores

19 Porifera: Characteristics No true tissues or organs (only specialized cells) Most have radial symmetry but some may be asymmetrical Sac body plan Body wall is diploblastic Porifera means pore bearing (body wall pierced by numerous pores for water to enter) Reproduce sexually by fertilization and asexually by budding Skeletons composed of CaCO 3 spicules or sponging (protein fibers) Central body cavity is lined w/ collar cells called choanocytes

20 Porifera Anatomy No true tissues Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of: -spongin fibers -calcareous spicules -silica spicules -combination of these, or no skeletal structure at all

21 Porifera Anatomy

Collar Cells Choanocytes: (collar cells) act as a pump to bring water into the sponge

23 Sponge Support Collagen is found between the inner canals and chambers Mesohyl

Phylum Porifrea 24 Spicules Collagen is stiffened by adding microscopic mineral accretions or additional protein fibers (spongin) or both. Spicules: skeleton structures, made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 )

25 Porifera Classification Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea Class Demospongiae Class Hexactinellida Sclerospongiae is no longer considered a class Taxonomic Detail Desmospongia All other classes

How do Sponges eat & breathe? Choanocytes collect food from water currents passing thorough porous body Food is digested by choanocytes or passed on to amebocytes Amebocytes act as a primitative and simple circulatory device to transport nutrients Sponges get O2 by diffusion.

Soft bodies have network of spikes. Made of tough material, but food for some types of fish. Can reproduce asexually (budding) and sexually. Fertilized eggs go through a larvae stage. Reproduction

Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, & Corals) Exhibit Radial Symmetry 2 Forms Polyp Sessile form (vase shape) Medusa Swimming form (umbrella shape)

2 Body Layers Epidermis (outer layer) & Gastrodermis (inner layer) Mesoglea Jelly-like substance in between inner and outer layer Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC) Empty space where digestion takes place Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)

Anatomy of a Jellyfish

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.) Cnidocytes and Nematocytes Cnidocytes = specialized cells used for defense Nematocytes = structures inside the cnidocyte that contain stinging filaments The filaments have sharp tips that can inject poison into victims

1 st Nervous System Porifera have no developed nervous system Cnidarians have a primitive nervous system No brain, but rather a loose collection of nerves called a nerve net Nerves radiate throughout the whole body Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.)

Where do they live? (Habitat) Mostly salt water Hydra found in fresh water How big are they? (Size) Can be up to 6.5 feet in diameter and have ~100 foot long tentacles

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.) What do they eat? How do they eat? Tentacles capture small animals. Nematocysts inject poison. Tentacles push food into mouth How do they move? If mobile, move by contraction and expansion of body

Digestion Capture prey using stinging cells to inject venom - paralyzes prey Pull prey into mouth, digest in body cavity digestive system: 1 opening - expel food from mouths also.

Phylum Cnidaria (Cont.) How do they reproduce? Asexually Budding & Regeneration Sexually Adult medusa releases sperm and eggs into the water where external fertilization takes place  zygote Zygote forms the blastula (hollow ball of cells) and then forms a planula (ciliated larva) Polyp attaches to the ocean floor and develops mouth and tentacles Stacks of medusae form and then detach to form individual jellyfish

Life Cycle of Jellyfish Young Medusa Adult Female Medusa Adult Male Medusa Sperm Egg Blastula Planula Polyp

Class: Hydrozoa Hydra Polyp form found in ponds and lakes Portugese Man-of-War Found in tropical oceans Very poisonous to fish and even humans Image Source: Hydra Image Source:

Over 200 species Common jellyfish exist as both polyps and medusae Class: Scyphozoa Image Source:

Includes corals and sea anemones All marine Medusa stage completely absent Corals Are polyps that live in small colonies Use nutrients from algae for energy Great Barrier Reef Largest coral colony on earth Sea Anemones Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles to feed on small fish Class: Anthozoa

Coral Polyps Polyp Image Source: Reef Image Source: Coral Reef

Sea Anemone Image Source:

Cnetophora are technically a separate phylum from Cnidaria, but they are closely related. For our purposes, we’ll group comb jellies with Cnidaria Cnetophora Found in deep ocean Biolumienscence Cnetophora (Comb Jellies) Image Source: