Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Periods of Prenatal Development Period and LengthKey Events Zygote (2 weeks)  Fertilization  Implantation  Start of placenta Embryo (6 weeks)  Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs Fetus (30 weeks)  “Growth and finishing” phase

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1 (From Before We Are Born, 6th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Third month:  organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected  lungs begin to expand and contract  Second trimester:  many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks  most of the brain’s neurons are in place  Third trimester:  age of viability: 22–26 weeks  fetus takes on beginnings of personality Period of the Fetus

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2 (Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Harm done by teratogens is affected by:  dose  heredity  age  other negative influences  Delayed health effects may show up decades later Teratogens © Phil McDonald/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Drugs:  prescription  nonprescription  illegal  Tobacco  Alcohol  Radiation  Environmental pollution  Infectious disease Teratogenic Substances © Minerva Studio/Fotolia

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Nutrition  Emotional stress  Rh factor incompatibility  Age  Lack of prenatal health care Other Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development © Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Monitor general health:  weight gain  capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus  growth of the fetus  Treat complications:  diabetes  preeclampsia Importance of Prenatal Care © Poznyakov/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Dilation and effacement of the cervix  Delivery of the baby  Delivery of the placenta Stages of Childbirth © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stages of Labor Figure 3.4

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High levels of stress hormones  help baby withstand oxygen deprivation  prepare baby to breathe  arouse infant into alertness The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery © nattanan726/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Apgar Scale Table 3.3 (Source: Apgar, 1953.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Classes  Relaxation and breathing techniques  Labor coach: friend, relative, or trained doula Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth © KAMONRAT/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Anoxia (oxygen deprivation)  Breech position Birth Complications © giorgiomtb/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Fetal monitoring  Labor and delivery medication  analgesics  anesthetics  Cesarean delivery Medical Interventions in Childbirth © ARZTSAMUI/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preterm  Born several weeks or more before their due date  Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date  May be either preterm or full-term  Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Pregnancy Length and Infant Survival/Disability Figure 3.5 (Adapted from Bolisetty et al., 2006.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Temperature-controlled isolette  Special stimulation:  gentle rocking  visual or auditory stimulation  touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care  Parent training in infant caregiving Interventions for Preterm Infants © Damon Yancy/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations Figure 3.6 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Severe birth trauma is associated with long-term difficulties  Effects of mild to moderate trauma depend on environment  Resilience plays a role in long-term adjustment Birth Complications and Resilience

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Eye blink  Rooting  Sucking  Moro  Palmar grasp  Tonic neck  Stepping  Babinski Newborn Reflexes

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep  Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep  Drowsiness  Quiet alertness  Waking activity and crying Infant States of Arousal © Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds  Offer pacifier  Massage baby’s body  Swaddle  Hold on shoulder, rock or walk  Go for car ride or swing in cradle  Combine methods  Let cry for short time Soothing a Crying Baby © Jo Tunney/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Sensitive to touch  around mouth  on palms and soles of feet  Use touch to investigate their world  Severe pain  overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones  can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch Newborn Sense of Touch © Eleonora_os/Shutterstock

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Infants  have a preference for sweet tastes at birth  can readily learn to like new tastes  have odor preferences at birth  can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Newborns  can hear a wide variety of sounds  prefer complex sounds to pure tones  can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old  listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds  can detect the sounds of any human language Newborn Sense of Hearing

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Least developed sense at birth  Limited visual acuity  Actively explore environment:  scan for interesting sights  track moving objects  Not yet good at discriminating colors © Saylakham/Shutterstock Newborn Sense of Vision

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Evaluates newborn reflexes, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli  Used to  discover individual and cultural differences  help parents get to know their babies  Changes in scores reveal baby’s ability to recover from stress of birth  Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS): similar instrument used for at-risk infants Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Hormones that facilitate caregiving:  oxytocin  prolactin  estrogens  Hormonal effects may depend on experience  Challenges of early weeks:  new roles  changed schedule © ClickPop/Shutterstock New Family Adjustment

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.