12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho Helena Monteiro & Fausto Freire Center for Industrial Ecology, ADAI - LAETA, Dep. of Mechanical Eng., University of Coimbra, Portugal. Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida de uma moradia unifamiliar em Portugal. Comparação de diferentes paredes exteriores e métodos de avaliação de impacte ambiental

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho OVERVIEW Motivation Goals Life Cycle Model Building Definition Methods Results Conclusions 2

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho MOTIVATION Buildings: about 39% of total energy consumption in PT LC thinking – quantify tradeoffs between LC phases. BUT it is not currently used. Many LCIA methods but for LCA practitioners it is not obvious: - which LCIA method to choose - whether different LCIA methods lead to coincident or contradictory conclusions Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 3

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho GOALS -To characterize the LC processes of a dwelling (energy and environmental impacts), considering two alternative operational patterns (OP) - To assess 7 exterior walls for the same house to identify environmentally preferable solutions -To compare the results of 3 LCIA methods (CED, CML 2001, Eco-indicator'99), to determine the extent to which the results of a LCA are influenced by the method Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 4

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho Building Life Cycle Phases & Processes Building Life Cycle Phases & Processes Material extraction | production Transport Raw materials Energy Raw materials Environmental Burdens (emissions, waste) INPUTOUTPUT Heating Cooling Maintenance CONSTRUCTION USE LIFE CYCLE MODEL Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions End of Life is out of scope 5 Environmental Burdens (emissions, waste)

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho LCI - BUILDING DEFINITION - Single family house 132m 2 -Location: Coimbra Functional unit: Building living area over life span (132m 2 x 50 years) Background data: Average European data for building materials (ecoinvent v2), ITE50, Producer Technical data Transport of materials: by truck(average European fleet) Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 6

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho HouseExterior wall (EW) description EW insulation (cm) H0Double hollow brick masonry (base scenario)XPS 4 H1Double facing and hollow brick masonryXPS 4 H2Lightweight concrete blocks masonryEPS 5 H3Thermal concrete blocks masonryEPS 4 H4Autoclaved aerated concrete block masonryEPS 3 H5Hollow brick masonry & exterior wood claddingXPS 4 H6Wood frame and claddingXPS 5 Alternative exterior wall scenarios LCI - BUILDING DEFINITION Similar U-values – Average operational requirements (RCCTE): Heating 71,8 kWh/m2.ano Cooling 3,8 kWh/m2.ano Similar U-values – Average operational requirements (RCCTE): Heating 71,8 kWh/m2.ano Cooling 3,8 kWh/m2.ano Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 7

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho Heating & Cooling system: 10 kW heat pump (COPh=2.8, COPc=2.0) Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 8 LCI - BUILDING DEFINITION Maintenance activities: - Painting - Varnishing - Water proof layer substitution 8 OP1, 50% of the maximum heating and cooling requirements 35,9 kWh/m 2.y – heating; 1,9 kWh/m 2.y – cooling. OP2, 10% of the maximum heating and cooling requirements 7,2 kWh/m 2.y – heating; 0,4 kWh/m 2.y – cooling; Use phase - Alternative Operational Patterns (OP)

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho LCIA METHODS CED - Cumulative Energy Demand, Primary energy (MJeq) CML 2001 Eco-indicator’99 mid-point;end-point; Problem-orienteddamaged-oriented Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions CML CategoryUnitEI’99 CategoryUnit Abiotic Depletionkg Sb eq Fossil Fuels Minerals MJ surplus Acidification Eutrophication kg SO 2 eq kg PO 4 eq Acidific./Eutrophi.PDF*m 2.y Global warmingkg CO 2 eqClimate changeDALY Ozone layer depletionkg CFC-11 eqOzone layerDALY Photochemical oxidationkg C 2 H 4 Resp. organicsDALY Freshwater ecotoxicity Marine ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eqEcotoxicityPDF*m 2.y Human toxicitykg 1,4-DB eq Carcinogens Resp.inorganics DALY Radiation Land Use DALY PDF*m 2.y 9

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho LCIA METHODS (UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative in 2003) Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions Human toxicity Photochemical oxidant formation Ozone depletion Climate change Acidification Eutrophication Ecotoxicity Land use impacts Abiotic resources deplection Biotic resources deplection LCI results Human Health Biotic & abiotic natural environment Biotic & abiotic natural resources Biotic & abiotic manmade resources Midpoint categories (environmental problems) Endpoint categories (environmental damages)

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho LCIA METHODS Midpoint versus endpoint Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 11 Endpoint simplifies weighting between impact categories Endpoint simplifies comparison of stressors with different modes of action But … high uncertainty in the modeling of the full cause- effect chain in endpoint assessment Midpoint characterisation factors are considered more robust comparted to endpoint characterisation factors

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho LC RESULTS Base case house (H0) 12 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho LC CED RESULTS Base case house (H0) 13 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho 14 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions LC CML 2001 RESULTS Base case house (H0)

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho 15 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions LC EI’99 RESULTS Base case house (H0)

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho 16 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions RESULTS House scenarios

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho 17 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions LC CED RESULTS House scenarios

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho 18 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions LC CML 2001 RESULTS House scenarios Environmental Impact categories

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho 19 Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions LC EI’99 RESULTS House scenarios H6: lower Environmental impacts (except OLD, LU) H1: Higher Env. impacts (for most categories)

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho Comparison of CED, CML, and EI'99 LC results (excluding heating and cooling requirements) 20

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho CONCLUSIONS The LCIA results for the 3 methods show: - The most significant LC process depends on the OP assumed - The wood wall house (H6) as the preferable solution Comparing CED, CML 2001 and EI’99 methods - The Non-R results (CED) are close to AD (CML) and Resources (EI’99) - The GWP, OLD, AD, Acidification, Eutrophication present robust results that permit a straightforward comparison between CML 2001 and EI’99 methods - Nevertheless, CML results present slightly higher impacts for the use phase, while EI'99 for material production - The two methods can present different ranking of alternatives between similar categories, which ultimately can influence the choice between solutions Context Goal Life Cycle Model Building definition LCIA Methods Results Conclusions 21

12.Maio.2011 Guimarães, Universidade do Minho Helena Monteiro & Fausto Freire Center for Industrial Ecology, ADAI - LAETA, Dep. of Mechanical Eng., University of Coimbra, Portugal. Life-Cycle Assessment of a house with alternative exterior walls: comparison of three impact assessment methods Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida de uma moradia unifamiliar Comparação de diferentes paredes exteriores e métodos de avaliação de impacte ambiental