1491 – 1730ish Review: Why Colonize? European Differences Early English Settlements New England Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Early Political Institutions Colonial Trade & Mercantilism Colonial Society & Puritan Impacts

Themes: How did we choose to become independent? Why did we choose representative democracy? What are the elements of the developing American character? How did mercantilism impact colonial American development?

The one thing you MUST write about Salutary Neglect!!!! This is the key to understanding the movement of America from loyal British citizens to independent Americans with a different set of cultural values and norms.

Major Events: House of Burgesses Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Maryland Act of Toleration The Navigation Act Half-Way Covenant King Phillip’s War (Metacom’s Rebellion) Salem Witch Trials

Why Colonize? French Spanish British

Three Societies New England Colonies & English Civil War Plymouth - Pilgrims (dissenters of the Church of England) 1620s start of mass migration to America. Massachusetts Bay – Puritans (purify the Church of England) 1630 start of the Great Migration due to the English Civil War 1620 – Mayflower Compact (will of the majority, only male property owners voting) 1621 marks the first Thanksgiving. Harvest Fish, Fur, Lumber John Winthrop (Puritan) migrates in 1630 In essence the Pilgrims and Puritans settle for Religious reasons. Because only male landowners could vote, this led to autocratic governors and rampant mistreatment of Indians New York (Manhattan Island) acquired from the Dutch in 1664 New Jersey consolidated as a colony in 1702

Three Societies: Chesapeake Colonies – Virginia – Jamestown (1 st permanent settlement), lots of starvation, disease, death. Harvest Tobacco. House of Burgesses, 1619, Same rights as English with some lawmaking capability Headright System – 50 acres per payee of passage Bacon’s Rebellion (indentured servants), 1676 (Nathaniel Bacon v. Lord Berkeley) – Significances: 1. showed clear differences b/w wealthy and poor. 2. Colonial resistance to royal control Maryland – Catholics and Lord Baltimore. 1 st Proprietary Colony, but dominated by protestants. Act of Toleration – 1649, Limited to Christian based religions only, repealed after a brief civil war in 1676 between Catholics and protestants

Three Societies: New England Again – Roger Williams - Baptist, Providence, banished from MBC, belief structure around individual choice, not church control. Anne Hutchinson – Portsmouth, antinomianism (faith alone, not deeds for salvation) 1636 – Rhode Island formed from Providence and Portsmouth Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – 1639, 1 st written constitution under Thomas Hooker. Connecticut formed in 1665 – Limited self-government and election of the governor. Halfway Covenant – could become partial church members with a religious ‘conversion’ King Philip’s War – New England Confederation ( ) of Plymouth, MBC, Conn, New Haven v. Metacomb’s rebellion, Significance! – First attempt at colonial unity and ended Indian resistance in NE William Penn – Quaker (equality, nonviolence, personal soul) Pennsylvania & The Holy Experiment – Unrestricted immigration, representative assembly, written constitution, freedom of worship Delaware carved from PA in 1702

Three Societies: South & North Carolina – 1670 (separate colonies in 1729) South Carolina – Charles Town, large rice-growing plantations, import slaves from the West Indies North Carolina – Tobacco farms, less reliant on slaves (fewer ports) Georgia – 1732, Oglethorpe establishes colony as a buffer to Spanish Florida and as a debtor colony.

Mercantilism: Trade, Colonies, Wealth (military & political strength) Acts of Trade & Navigation, (Triangular Trade): Only English or colonial ships can be used, operated by the same Imports through ports in England (except perishables) Specified goods exported to England only Impact – Ship building prospers in NE, Tobacco in Middle Colonies Impact – Protection put in place Impact – Restricted colonial manufacturing Impact – Rampant smuggling Impact – Institution of Slavery expanded

Puritan Impacts on Colonial Society Ministers – Often the only well-educated people in town Physicians – poor practices of the ‘cures’, bleeding out Rise in Lawyers as a practice Elementary Education (learn the Bible!). Some places had schools in which attendance was mandatory for boys (church sponsored or private) Higher Education (sectarian) Harvard (1636 – Puritan) William & Mary (1694 – Anglican) Yale (1701 – Congregational) Princeton (1746 – Presbyterian) Columbia (1754 – Anglican) Brown (1764 – Baptist) Rutgers (1766 – Reformed) Dartmouth (1769 – Congregational)

Overall Impacts Early Political Institutions – majority rule (Mayflower), Representative Democracy at Jamestown (House of Burgesses), Representative Democracy in New England (members of Puritan church, town hall meetings), Limited democracy (male landowner, autocratic governors), Royal Proprietary Colonies (southern colonies at large) Puritans - have a direct impact on creating an ‘American or Colonial culture’ different from England. The Protestant Churches – continue to challenge the Anglican Church (COE). Rebellions & Trade – show unity within a confederation, distain for royal control, and resistance to royal regulations Immigration – THE GREAT AWAKENING in the 1730s Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God) -God is angry only salvation through penitence. George Whitefield – spread the ‘awakening’ throughout the colonies. New Light v. Old Light = rise in Baptists and Methodists to challenge entrenched philosophies. So, in a nutshell, if common people could make their own decisions w/o higher authority then it was most likely natural that some would begin thinking politically different. i.e., The Enlightenment. Therefore one could postulate that the seeds of the U.S. Civil War were planted at Plymouth.