Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Actual competence and performance may not match chronological age  No single biological measure can predict rate of aging © mezzotint/Shutterstock Functional Age

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Increasing in U.S. because of  steady decline in infant mortality  decrease in adult death rates  Variations due to heredity, environment:  gender  SES  ethnicity  nationality Life Expectancy

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Japan ranks first:  low rates of obesity, heart disease  favorable health-care policies  U.S. lags behind:  lifestyle factors  health-care policies  In developing nations, reduced by  poverty, malnutrition, disease  armed conflict Variations in Healthy Life Expectancy

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Average Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth Figure 17.1 (From Salomon et al., 2012.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Species-specific biological limit:  little increase for those 65 and older  oldest verified age: 122 years  Some scientists believe upper limit not yet reached:  question: Should maximum lifespan be increased?  goal is quality, not quantity, of life Maximum Lifespan

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Heredity  Environment and lifestyle:  healthy diet, normal weight  exercise  low substance use  optimistic  toughminded, independent  social support  community involvement  learning © Catalin Petolea/Shutterstock Factors Contributing to Long Life

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Activities of Daily Living (ADLs):  basic self-care tasks  bathing, dressing, eating  Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs):  conducting business of daily life  require some cognitive competence  shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, paying bills Quality of Life

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Loss of brain weight accelerates in sixties  Neurons lost, especially in  prefrontal cortex (executive function)  corpus callosum  cerebellum (balance)  glial cells  Autonomic nervous system less efficient  How the brain compensates:  new fibers, neurons  new connections  use more parts of brain Aging and the Nervous System

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Lower visual acuity  Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare  Decreased color, depth perception  Cataracts  Macular degeneration © Andrew Bassett/Shutterstock Visual Impairments and Aging

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and Visual and Hearing Impairments Figure 17.2 (Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012d.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Effects of Sensory Changes Vision problems  Loss of self-confidence  Possible problems in daily activities  Changes in leisure activities Hearing loss  Social isolation, loneliness  Lower self-efficacy  Lower safety and enjoyment Decreased taste and smell  Dietary deficiencies  Potential safety risks Less sensitive to touch  Difficulties with leisure, daily activities

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Cardiovascular/respiratory systems:  heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow  less oxygen delivered to tissues  vital lung capacity reduced by half  Immune system:  effectiveness declines  more infectious, autoimmune diseases  stress-related susceptibility  Healthy diet, exercise help protect immune response Aging Systems of the Body

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Total sleep needs remain constant  Sleep timing changes: earlier bedtime, earlier wakening  Sleep difficulties:  insomnia  nighttime waking  sleep apnea  Fostering restful sleep:  consistent bedtime, waking time  regular exercise  using bedroom only for sleep Sleep and Aging

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Skin thinner, wrinkled, spotted  Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change  Lose height and weight after age 60  Muscle strength declines:  10–20% by ages 60 to 70  30–50% by ages 70 to 80  Bone strength drops  Flexibility decreases © Tish1/Shutterstock Physical Appearance and Mobility

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Subjective age vs. physical age  Effective coping strategies:  prevention and compensation  sense of personal control  problem-centered coping  Assistive technology and “smart-home” design  Person–environment fit © Aletia/Shutterstock Adapting to Physical Changes of Aging

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Assumption that deterioration is inevitable:  leads to prejudice, discrimination  influenced by culture  Stereotype threat:  increases physiological response to stress  reduces functioning  Positive changes in depiction of aging:  positive media portrayals  source of pride in some cultures Stereotypes of Aging

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Self-efficacy  Optimism  SES  Ethnicity  Sex  Nutrition  Exercise © StockLite/Shutterstock Factors in Good Health and Aging

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Disability in Older Adults Figure 17.3 (Adapted from E. F. Chakravarty et al., 2012, “Lifestyle Risk Factors Predict Disability and Death in Healthy Aging Adults,” American Journal of Medicine, 125, p Copyright © 2012, Elsevier. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Need extra nutrients to  protect bones, immune system  prevent free radicals  Problems with eating:  appetite, taste changes  chewing, digestive changes  shopping, cooking  Diet high in nutrients fosters physical, cognitive health © spotmatik/Shutterstock Nutrition in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Even sedentary older adults show gains with endurance training  Benefits:  physical  cognitive  self-esteem  Importance of instilling sense of control © Dubova/Shutterstock Exercise in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Sex remains important:  decline in frequency; fewer male partners for women  healthy couples: continued regular, enjoyable sex  Continue patterns of earlier years  Factors reducing sexual activity:  tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs may interfere  men with erection problems may stop all sexual interaction Sexuality in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Activity in Older Adults Figure 17.4 (Adapted from Waite et al., 2009.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Primary (Biological)  Genetically influenced declines  Affects all members of species  Occurs even when health is good Secondary  Declines due to heredity and environment  Effects individualized: major contributor to frailty  Illnesses and disabilities:  arthritis  diabetes  unintentional injuries  mental disabilities Primary and Secondary Aging

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Leading Causes of Death in Late Adulthood Figure 17.5 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012b.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Osteoarthritis  Deteriorating cartilage in frequently used joints  Common, related to wear and tear Rheumatoid Arthritis  Autoimmune response  Involves whole body  Inflammation of connective tissue  Cartilage tissue grows:  deformed joints  loss of mobility Arthritis

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin  Incidence rises with age as a result of  heredity  inactivity, abdominal fat  Risk of long-term damage to  circulatory system  eyes, kidneys, nerves  brain  Treatment: diet, exercise, weight loss Adult-Onset Diabetes

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Motor vehicle  Vision problems, slower reactions Falls  Vision, balance, strength problems  Risk of hip fracture  Limits mobility, social contact Prevention  Reduce driving, retrain  Exercise, use walking aids  Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures Accidents in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Dementia: impairments of thought and behavior that disrupt everyday life:  Alzheimer’s disease  Cerebrovascular dementia: result of strokes  Misdiagnosed or reversible dementia:  depression  medication side effects © Budimir Jevtic/Shutterstock Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Alzheimer’s Disease Incidence  Higher with age: nearly 45% over age 85 Symptoms  Forgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections Brain changes  Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex, synapse deterioration Risk factors  Genetic predisposition  High-fat diet  Lifestyle factors Protective factors  Education, active lifestyle  Mediterranean diet  Active social life

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Knowledge about disease, available resources  Coping strategies  Caregiving skills  Respite  Intervention programs © Miriam Doerr/Shutterstock Help for Caregivers of Elders with Dementia

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  More common with advanced age:  severe disorders  loss of support network  Varies by SES, ethnic group  Alternatives:  home care by family  assisted living  home-helper systems © Robert Kneschke/Shutterstock Long-Term Care in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Select  Choose personally valued activities, avoid others Optimize  Devote diminishing resources to valued activities Compensate  Find creative ways to overcome limitations © Barna Tanko/Shutterstock Selective Optimization with Compensation

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 17.6 (From N. C. Ebner, A. M. Freund, & P. B. Baltes, 2006, “Developmental Changes in Personal Goal Orientation from Young to Late Adulthood: From Striving for Gains to Maintenance and Prevention of Losses,” Psychology and Aging, 21, p Adapted by permission of American Psychological Association.) Personal Goal Orientation in Young and Older Adults

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Deliberate  Episodic memory lapses:  slower cognitive processing  poor attention to context  Recall declines:  harder to remember source of information  temporal memory suffers Automatic  Recognition easier than recall:  environmental supports  Implicit memory better than explicit memory:  depends on familiarity, not conscious awareness Deliberate vs. Automatic Memory

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information  Helpful strategies:  memory cues  elaboration Associative Memory Deficit in Late Adulthood Figure 17.7 (Adapted from Naveh-Benjamin, 2000.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Remote  Very long-term recall  Autobiographical memory for both remote and recent events  Reminiscence bump for events of adolescence, early adulthood Prospective  Remembering to engage in planned actions  Event-based easier than time-based  Risk of repetition of actions  Reminders can help Remote and Prospective Memory

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and Autobiographical Memories Figure 17.8 (From D. C. Rubin, T. A. Rahhal, & L. W. Poon, 1998, “Things Learned in Early Adulthood Are Remembered Best,” Memory and Cognition, 26, p. 4. Copyright © 1998 by the Psychonomic Society, Inc. Adapted by permission of the Psychonomic Society.)

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Little change in comprehension  Losses in  retrieval of words from long-term memory (tip-of-the-tongue state)  ability to plan what to say and how to say it  Compensatory techniques:  speak more slowly, using more sentences, but shorter ones  Represent gist of information, not details Language Processing in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Real vs. hypothetical problems:  family relationships  managing activities of daily living  Extend adaptive strategies of middle adulthood:  maintain positive relationships  use experience to decide quickly when able  consult family members and others  collaborate to generate strategies Problem Solving in Late Adulthood

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Breadth and depth of practical knowledge  Ability to reflect on, apply knowledge to improve life  Ability to listen, evaluate others’ concerns  Transmission of useful knowledge, reflections to younger people © absolut/Shutterstock Wisdom

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Life experience:  human-service training and practice  leadership positions  Age:  no guarantee of wisdom  helpful when combined with life experience  History of overcoming adversity  Education, physical health What Contributes to Wisdom?

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Modest genetic contribution  Mentally active life: education, stimulating leisure, community participation, flexibility  Health status  Retirement: both positive and negative effects  Distance to death: terminal decline  Cognitive interventions: ADEPT, ACTIVE © racorn/Shutterstock Factors Related to Cognitive Change

Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Increased participation in continuing education:  Road Scholar  Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes  University of the Third Age  Community senior centers  Benefits:  new ideas, skills, friends  broader world perspective  improved self-image  rise in use of computers and Internet © Pressmaster/Shutterstock Lifelong Learning

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