PIA 2501 The Challenges and Limits of Development Management Critiques of Modernization WEEK SIX

Debates: An Isolationist Cartoon, 1930s Critiques of Modernization

Summary: Development Management in 2016? Concern about incapacity: Questions raised about efficacy of state approach Critics speak of negative state Government a negative Debates focused on privatization, public sector reform and NGOism Need to address issues of external vs. internal solutions to development problems (domestic capacity vs. international redistribution)

Summary: Development Management in 2016? (2) Focus should be on issues of sustainability and institutional development- not projects Need to search for a creative, flexible, and innovative management system Difficult to separate development from politics Implementation had become the neglected component of development policy (Pressman and Wildavsky) Question: The appropriateness of the U.S. case study as lessons for development action?

How We Got Here: Critiques of Modernization Theory- 1 Bad Interpretations of Pre-Colonial Society  The heart of the matter: Pre-colonial and pre-modern society is characterized by violence, poverty and "Primitivism ”  Modernization theory is based on this assumption (Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness Image)  The ecological approach and dependency theorists reject this  At issue is the idea of “ balance ”  Individuals and social groups were in balance with their physical environment

Joseph Conrad: Images of Primitive Society

His Most Famous Book: Heart of Darkness

Critiques of Modernization- 2 Ecological View: Characteristics People lived in "Primitive" communism and were hunter/gatherers Subsistence farmers, grew grains and forged metals- They were in balance with environment “ Praxis ” allowed individuals to control their interaction with nature

System in Balance

Ecological View  Direct creative activity was used to procure food and shelter, through the use of own tools. Natural Life  This was the Rousseauian Natural “ Man. ”  Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778)

The Ideal?

A Natural Balance?

Ecological View Change came with the development of excessive surplus, imbalanced trade, the creation of elites, domestic rule and then international empires. Rome, China, and the land based Empires in Europe ending with Sea-Based Empires

Vietnam: Creating Agricultural Surplus?

Denis A. Goulet, 75, died December 26, 2006: Appropriate Theory and Practice

Interview Robert ChambersInterview Robert Chambers Research Associate at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, United Kingdom He was born in 1932 and is an academic and development practitioner Equity not Growth Advocate of the “participatory“ approach to development

Critiques of Modernization Theory-3 Colonial Underdevelopment Argument: The Psychological Dimension  Focus of the debate — resistance vs. collaboration and its impact upon post-colonial society  Colonizer has an inferiority complex (Minnoni)  Colonial vs. colonized: (Memmi) colonized peoples have a dependency relationship with the West. It is based on the colonizer ’ s search for economic gain  Revolution as a cleansing process (Franz Fanon)

Octave Mannoni and Albert Memmi

CALIBAN The Half Human Offspring of the Devil and a Witch who is a Servant of Prospero in “The Tempest”

Prospero vs. Caliban  Prospero — In exile, isolated and inferior  Caliban — Dependence and the Fear of Abandonment  Further Reading:  Franz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1963).  O. Mannoni, Prospero and Caliban: The Psychology of Colonization (New York: Praeger, 1964)  Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (New York: Orion Press, 1965)

Critiques of Modernization Theory  Colonial Underdevelopment Argument Seeds of Violence and Cognitive Dissonance Role conflict (Robert Merton)  Indirect rule vs. assimilation  Role set (conflict between colonial officials and Religious or traditional leaders)

Robert Merton and Cognitive Dissonance

Critiques of Modernization Theory- 4 Colonial Underdevelopment Argument Simplistic Traditionalism: Dichotomy or misplaced polarity (Gusfield)  Co-existence in Saudi Arabia and Japan  Modernization of Tradition in Swaziland  Secularization of tradition in Mexico

Dependency Theory and the beginnings of Dependency theory with Structuralism and interpretations of underdevelopment  In the beginning (1500) LDCs were self-sufficient at low level  Argument: Europe used its empire to market surplus goods and pay sub-economic costs for raw materials, agricultural products and minerals  Issue: Inelasticity (tropicalism vs. “underdevelopment”)

Underdevelopment and Dependency Structuralism Biology in the Tropics Inelasticity of Tropical Products Rigidity of Extractive goods

Dependency Theory  During 500 Years of colonialism Northern Tier states used colonialism to extract from LDCs Result often was the destruction of local production, agriculture and food production  The colonial government supported export import trade and where possible, SETTLERS  Europe became dependent on extraction from the “ third world ”

Underdevelopment Five Hundred Years of Underdevelopment Empty Bucket Full Bucket NIEO called for redistribution of wealth world wide

Critiques of Modernization Theory Interpretations of Underdevelopment and “ Third Worldism ” Underdevelopment theorists critiqued Modernization Theory: Modernization theory had its origins in Colonial ideology and the anthropological ideas that supported it.

“Underdevelopment in History” Rejects Dualism or enclave economy and “ stage theories ” of development (Keith Griffin) Africa, Asia, Latin America not historically under- developed European nations took slaves, metals and raw materials to build industrialization and grow their economies between 1500 and 1900 Empty Bucket- Full Bucket

Development Theory Revised: ( ) Robert McNamara -- World Bank  KEY: Necessary redistribution of resources both internationally and within an LDC  New International Economic Order vs. Basic Needs  Equity both domestically (within a country) and internationally

Basic Needs- The Poorest of the Poor... (Ben Heine, painter)

Robert McNamara

Basic Needs Assumptions:  Institutionalize Project capacity in development program structures (The works of  Dennis Rondinelli)  All civil service to explore new technologies and leadership styles  Promote Sustainability and Institutional Capacity  Shift Priorities to Rural Development  Small is Beautiful- appropriate technologies  A bit of Romanticism?

Basic Needs Assumptions Robert Chambers, Rural Development: Putting the Last First (New York: Longman, 1983) Move to Field Administration, Extension Work and Bottom Up Planning Find a non-threatening way (vis-a-vis) elites to promote the redistribution of resources Redistribution

Millennium Development Goals

Development Theory Revised: KEY: Necessary redistribution of resources- Fundamental Differences with Growth Theory New International Economic Order (NIEO) LDCs- North/South Redistribution should replace Rostowian growth assumptions Basic Needs Assumption (World Bank)— Domestic redistribution Strategy—growth with equity concerns

“A New International Economic Order is Deemed Necessary”

New International Economic Order Attack Frozen Inequity Detailed Discussion Still Reflects the Counter-Narrative of Many in the Streets Key: Redistribution of Wealth For More on NIEO see Week Six supplementary Slides

Development Theory Revised: KEY: Necessary- redistribution of resources : NIEO and Oil Cartel Definition— Capacity, Equity, Empowerment and Sustainability Reflects influence of Political Economy and Dependency Theories NIEO: Original group of 77 countries, now 140

Counter-Dependency TheoryCounter-Dependency Theory VIDEO Debates About Chile Dependency Theory and Neo- Orthodoxy “The Chicago Boys”

Final Critique: End of Century Development Dilemmas: Donor Fatigue and Internal Capacity Limitations Structural Adjustment

Donor Fatigue: ( ) Donors defined as a problem as they set agendas for LDCs Expatriates are consumers (of LDC privileges): Development Cynics Career prospects shift from “Insensitive / AID / Embassy Types” to Grassroots, cultural sensitivity and eventually to NGOs (Lederer and Burdick Ugly American influence) Donors begin to advocate privatization and contracting out

And the North Needs Help Too: NGOs and Foreign Aid

What is the Answer?

Foreign Aid Debates: Picard and Buss (Chocolate or Chocolate?

William J. Lederer and Eugene L. Burdick Back to the Origin (March 31, 1912 to December 05, 2009) (December 12, 1918– July 26, 1965)

Authors of the Week: The Core Argument: : U.S. Administrators and the “official U.S.” Need to outwit the communists (or terrorists); find the “decent Asian” American compound mentality: the “overseas American” sees unusual and unorthodox as “threatening” Basic ideology of the 1950s (and 2016?)—Image of enemies’ officials: cultural and linguistic influence U.S. Press—seldom writes about foreign policy and when they do, focus is on those who are “threatening” U.S. interests Religion: able to penetrate LDCs, and recruit indigenous allies

Who is the Ugly American? Background: Origins of U.S. Foreign Aid Policy Marshall Plan and Point Four Program Agricultural College Bias Ugly American and the Peace Corps (and the other “peace corps”) Technical Assistance in Vietnam Models of Malaya and Kenya “Hearts and Minds” (French term, taken to Viet Nam, later used in South Africa, Iraq) Focus in Afghanistan and Iraq? Defense, Development and Diplomacy: The Armed Social Worker

The Problems of Foreign Aid and Development Management Quote of the Week: The Quiet American- An Alternative to expatriate involvement? Non-Involvement? "The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved.“ Graham Greene (Left)

Late Colonial Philippines

Discussion: Stanley Karnow: “In Our Image?” In Our Image (France, U.S., Denmark, Portugal) Is assimilation the answer? In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East/Africa? (UK) Latin America: Just Spain? Died January 27, 2013 (87 Years old )

The Problem According to Critics Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development Foreign aid was seen as little more than a front for foreign policy Issues of Health and Education?

Development 4. Debates About Donors

FINAL CRITIQUE: Development Tourism?

Author and Donor Critic Norman Rush: Whites Are Americans the Problem? Rush is the Author of two other books on Botswana Mating Mortals

The U.S. Peace Corps Are Peace Corps volunteers or “ Modernizers? ” Are they white ants? Pests? Neo-colonialists? Are Peace Corps volunteers and other development workers like colonial agents? Empathy and the foreign worker? Norman and Elsa Rush were Co-Directors of the U.S. Peace Corps in Botswana from 1978 to 1983

The Foreign Aid Meeting

How Important is Foreign Aid?

Under Foreign Aid Planning Becomes Project Planning

And…. Even Under Structural Adjustment Donors Need Planning Skills (Still) “National Program Support Office, Afghanistan” (October, 2005) Project Management Unit (PMU)

The Foreign Aid Theme: Structural Adjustment and the Failure of Planning

The Problem: Bad Planning and Foreign Aid: There was a lot 1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories & ideas 2. LDC Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers-- donors used overseas training 3. International Organizations (UNDP, IMF and World Bank) promoted Programs that were unworkable.

Bureaucrats and Failures of Development Planning A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity Planning was a “shopping list”

Anti-Planning- Neo- Orthodoxy: The Problem Planning illustrates problem of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society- Planning Part of the Problem But the Problems are real

To what extent is the state planning approach possible? Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities “Looking for a Rule to Follow”

Contemporary Development Debates: The Impact of September 11

21 ST CENTURY Themes: Back To Basic Needs: Return to Basic Needs NGOs, Governance And Civil Society Millennium Development Goals

Internal Capacity Issues: The Counter-Factual Basic Needs Assumptions and Problem Need for increased capacity of public, parastatal and private sectors State should remain central to development planning and management Need for administrative reform to develop more creative development structures Millennium Development Goals= HRD

Land Reform, Property and Women’s Rights Real Issues that Need Addressing

The Middle View The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures Goal: Realistic Decision-Making based on sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) “Mixed Scanning” Balance of Public-Private Partnerships

Social Mobilization Training Still Around

The Twenty-First Century Model Redux

Autonomous Work Packaging Model: A Happy Face?

Millennium Development Goals: Eight Goals for 2015

OOPs! We did that. Now

Four Post-September 11 Issues: 1. Governance and Local Governance 2. NGOs and Civil Society 3. Human Resource Development 4. Combating Violent Extremism (CVE) The Shift in Development Priorities