Chapter 1 Vocab

How Geographers Look at the World Chapter 1

The Themes of World Geography Location -absolute and relative Place- physical and human features Human/Environmental Interaction Movement – people, goods and ideas Regions – what part of the world

The Geographer’s Tools Lesson 1

Globes and Map Projections A globe - scale model of the Earth that accurately depicts area, distance and direction Cartographers -mapmakers that convert 3-D globe images onto flat maps to create a map projection When the curves of a globe become straight lines on a map distortion occurs

Globes and Map Projections cont The shortest distance between two points on the globe may not be a straight map line Following the curve of the earth you create Great Circle Routes which represent the shortest distance

Globes and Map Projections There are three types of projections: – Planar, cylindrical and conic

ProjectionUsesDistortions Planar Greatest accuracy at the center Good for maps of North and South Poles Cylindrical Most accurate at the Equator and Poles Useful for sea navigation Conic Relatively accurate Straight lines approximate shorter great circle routes

Planer Map

Cylindrical Map

Conic map

Winkel tripel Projection

Mercator Projection

Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area

Robinson Projection

Determining Location Geography addresses the question of where. Lines of latitude and longitude create a grid system on the Earth used to determine location. Lines of Latitude or parallels circle the earth parallel to the equator and measure distance north and south of the Equator – 90 degrees North Latitude- North Pole – 0 degrees Latitude- Equator – 90 degrees South Latitude- South Pole

Determining Location cont Longitude lines (meridians) connect the north and south poles and measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian Prime Meridian splits the globe into Eastern and Western Hemispheres – Prime Meridian 0 degrees longitude – 180 degrees longitude- antimeridian (international date line)

Determining Location cont. Absolute Location- the point at which latitude and longitude lines intersect Absolute location of Georgetown, SC USA 33° 22' N / 79° 20' W Relative Location –using a known point on a map to find and describe the location of another Relative location of Georgetown, SC USA 55 miles northeast of Charleston, SC USA

Using Maps Components to a map include: title, legend, symbols and color-coding Compass rose indicates direction or orientation of the map – Four cardinal directions north, south, east and west – Intermediate directions northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest

Using Maps cont. Scale represents the constant, proportional relationship between the measurements shown on the map and on the Earth ( 1 inch : 160 miles) Political, physical and thematic maps each show different information Colors and lines can distinguish items on a map (physical and political) – example: countries and elevation(height above sea level)

Types of Maps Physical- show relief(changes in elevation) Political- boundaries Thematic- has a theme or subject Mental map describes an individual’s perception of features of the earth.

Geospatial Technologies Include – GPS- global positioning systems- uses a network of satellites and receivers to provide absolute location – GIS- geographic information systems- uses software to process data linking a location to characteristics – Remote sensing from air craft and satellite- monitor without touching

GIS- Layering

Latitude and Longitude Practice!

Open Note Quiz You will need your own paper and the notes/Vocab you did yesterday!

Quiz: - No talking or Sharing notes 1) What is the difference between relative and absolute location? 2) Why is the Great circle route the shorter distance between two points on a map instead of a straight line? 3) In The Themes of World Geography what 3 things move? 4) Which type of map projection is most useful for sea navigation? Bonus: Who wrote the article we read about the importance of reading yesterday?

Vocab and Graphic organizer Do not just find the answers; read in the book as well, so you understand the vocabulary.

Pg. 25 Review! Lets look at this together!

The Geographer’s Craft Lesson 2

A Geographic Perspective Geographers study the locations and relationships of Earth’s physical and living features Spatial perspective focuses on how individual places, objects and people are related to one another across the Earth Ecological perspective-connections of people and ecosystems Perspective of Experience- creating meaning out of the world we live in

A Geographic Perspective cont. The study of geography is used in many different careers (business, government, education)

Elements of Geography A geographic perspective is used to study people, places, environments, histories and cultures of the world Six elements are considered by geographers in their work – The world in spatial terms – Places and regions – Physical systems – Human systems – Environment and society – The use of geography

The World in Spatial Terms Spatial- relating to the ability to perceive relations (as of objects) in space Creates a link between people and places based on location and relationships between them Relative location is used by most people to establish the link – Site- specific location including physical setting – Situation- geographic position in relation to other places or features

Places and regions Places have both physical and Human significance Geographers look at similarities and differences to determine what makes a place unique Places with similar characteristics are grouped into regions

Places and regions cont. There are three types of regions – Formal region-unifying characteristic such as a product that is produced ex corn belt – Functional region-central node and the surrounding area – Perceptional region- looser standards created by tradition or values

Physical and Human Systems Physical geography includes –climate, land, water, plants and animal life Human geography –analyses human activity and relations to both the physical and cultural – Includes political, economic, social and cultural elements

Environment and Society Examines the relationship between people and their physical environment How do people change their environments voluntarily and involuntarily – Includes pollution, construction population growth and conservation

The Uses of Geography Geography is used to understand the historical patterns, economies, politics and impact of societies and cultures on the landscape. Cultural geographers use sociology and anthropology to study human tendencies and past cultures Geographers study economies to see how resources impact people

Time Zones Globe divides into 360◦ of longitude and there are 24 hours in a day so every 15◦ represents a new hour The day begins at the international date line 180◦ but is measured from the prime meridian 0◦ System has been changed by politics

Time zones

Open Note Quiz You will need your own notes/Vocab. No Talking No sharing notes

Questions: Due before the end of class Pg. 15 geography connection #1-2 Pg. 16 Geography connection #1-2 (read pg 15) Pg. 17 geography connection #1-2 Pg. 20 critical thinking #1-2 Pg. 24 critical thinking #1-2 Pg. 29 geography connection # 1-2 Pg. 34 # 7 Pg. 35 # 7,13

Diffusion Diffusion: process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time Hearth: (node) place where an innovation originates May form simultaneously in 2 places (Domestication of plants and animals) Same concept may form differently in 2 places (pyramids) Three types

1. Relocation Diffusion Relocation Diffusion: spread of an idea due to the physical movement of people – Ex. Rapid spread of AIDS since the 80’s – Focal points: California, New York, Florida Why these places? – Spread to all 50 States by early 90’s – Rapid decline since mid 90’s (example of the other type of Diffusion)

2. Hierarchical Diffusion Spread of an idea from a person or place of authority to other people or places – Ex: MOST POPULAR: Larger cities to smaller area, political leaders, social elites,

3. Contagious Diffusion Widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population – Ex: AIDS prevention methods, WEB videos