FOCUS ASSIGNMENT Use your word part list to find the meanings for: Use your word part list to find the meanings for: 1.chlor2.chrom 3.photo4.phyll 5.synthesis6.tri

Does it require energy for you to move? Does it require energy for you to move? Does active transport require energy? Does active transport require energy? Does cell division require energy? Does cell division require energy? If you need energy to power your flashlight, what is a quick source of energy? If you need energy to power your flashlight, what is a quick source of energy? CELLS NEED ENERGY! CELLS NEED ENERGY!

All Cells Need Energy to do “work” Mitochondria supply the energy Macmillan Publishing Company

ATP is the energy ATP – adenosine triphosphate ATP – adenosine triphosphate Made of an adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups Made of an adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups Adenine Ribose

ATP Energy is stored in the bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate group Energy is stored in the bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate group When the bond is broken, energy is released and ADP is formed When the bond is broken, energy is released and ADP is formed Adenine Ribose

How Does ATP Work? ADP - adenosine diphosphate (di means 2; only 2 phosphate groups attached) ADP - adenosine diphosphate (di means 2; only 2 phosphate groups attached) Adenine Ribose

ATP is made in the _____________________. ATP is made in the _____________________. MITOCHONDRIA

Cellular proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind The ATP provides energy to cellular proteins What cellular proteins? ENZYMES ATP

How could we recharge this ATP “battery”? How could we recharge this ATP “battery”? ATP

The chemical reaction The chemical reaction ADP  ATP happens with help of the enzyme ATP synthase ATP

ATP Synthase projects inward from inner mitochondrial membranes

Quick Review 1. What do cells use energy for? 2. What do organisms use energy for? 3. What is a quick source of energy for cells? 4. Where in ATP is the energy stored? 5. How do you get the energy? 6. How do you “recharge” the energy molecule? 7. Why is the enzyme ATP synthase important? 8. Explain why ATP is like a battery.

Turn in your reading guide HW from last night - Photosynthesis Pick up the Chromatography Lab handout QUIETLY read the lab activity, then complete the hypothesis Sit QUIETLY at your desk

Background: = process of separating pigments according to Chromatography = process of separating pigments according to COLOR Rate solvent moves up paper: 1) how soluble the substance is in the solvent 1) how soluble the substance is in the solvent 2) how well the substance adheres to the paper Chlorophyll =pigment that traps sun’s energy and absorbs most λ except ______ light

Photosynthesis Photo means light Photo means light Synthesis means putting together Synthesis means putting together Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to change water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates (called glucose) that they can use for food Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to change water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates (called glucose) that they can use for food Prentice Hall

Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 GLUCOSE light In the presence of light and chlorophyll

Chlorophyll A pigment in chloroplasts that enables plants to perform photosynthesis A pigment in chloroplasts that enables plants to perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll traps the sun’s energy and absorbs all colors except green; the green is reflected to give plants their color Chlorophyll traps the sun’s energy and absorbs all colors except green; the green is reflected to give plants their color

Photosynthesis Why do leaves change color in the fall? Why do leaves change color in the fall? Shorter days and lower temperatures signal leaves to decrease amounts of chlorophyll. So you now see other pigments in the leaves. Shorter days and lower temperatures signal leaves to decrease amounts of chlorophyll. So you now see other pigments in the leaves.

Chlorophyll Photosynthesis

1. Wavelength of light Red & blue increases PS; green decreases PS Red & blue increases PS; green decreases PS 2. Light intensity 3. Temperature (within range) 4. Water availability 5. CO 2 concentration 6. Nutrient availability Photosynthesis Factors Effecting the Rate

Photosynthesis

Section 23-4 Leaves Stomata: pores on the leaves that allow carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in and oxygen (O 2 ) out during photosynthesis Stomata: pores on the leaves that allow carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in and oxygen (O 2 ) out during photosynthesis Guard cells control the opening & closing of the stomata (open during the day for photosynthesis & closed at night) Guard cells control the opening & closing of the stomata (open during the day for photosynthesis & closed at night) Transpiration: loss of water through the stomata of leaves Transpiration: loss of water through the stomata of leaves

Stoma-exchange of CO 2 and O 2 Guard cells Cuticle – waterproof covering

Guard Cells Stoma (stomata)

The source of energy for life on earth is the sun The source of energy for life on earth is the sun The only way to get that energy to living things on earth is photosynthesis The only way to get that energy to living things on earth is photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS O 2 GLUCOSE IN OUT Water CO 2 IN THE PRESENCE OF: SUNLIGHT CHLOROPHYLL

“Mitochondria.” Online Image. Macmillan Publishing Company. 2 April “Photosynthesis.” No date. Online Image. Prentice Hall. 3 April Watson, David. “Leaf Section.” Online Image. FT Exploring Science & Technology. 3 April 2007.

Quick Review 1. What do cells use energy for? 2. What is a quick source of energy for cells? 3. Where in ATP is the energy stored? 4. How do you get the energy? 5. How do you “recharge” the energy molecule? 6. Why is the enzyme ATP synthase important? 7. Explain why ATP is like a battery.

Quick Review 1. What is the equation for photosynthesis? 2. What organelle contains chlorophyll? 3. What “goes into” photosynthesis? 4. What “comes out of” photosynthesis? 5. What is the ultimate energy source for all life on Earth? 6. How can the sun’s energy be made usable for life on Earth?

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

FOCUS Be ready to answer: What is the equation for photosynthesis How is the ATP molecule like a battery? What organelle is the site of photosynthesis? What organelle is the site of ATP synthesis?

Review Video: Photosynthesis Review Video: Photosynthesis 2 minutes 2 minutes

CELLULAR RESPIRATION A. ANAEROBIC B. AEROBIC

Aerobic = needs oxygen Examples: mammals, trees, bacteria Anaerobic-does NOT need oxygen Examples: tetanus, and botulism Obligate anaerobes = must have no oxygen Clostridium and methane-producing archaea CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Glucose is broken down for energy - ATP!!!!! Glucose is broken down for energy - ATP!!!!! What do cells need ATP for? What do cells need ATP for?

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Two different metabolic pathways – begin in cytoplasm: A. Fermentation (anaerobic) B. Aerobic cellular respiration Moves into mitochondria Mitochondria = energy organelle!!

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glucose incompletely broken down Glucose incompletely broken down Some energy remains in resulting molecule Some energy remains in resulting molecule 2 ATP 2 ATP A. FERMENTATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION In yeast - fermentation: Glucose  carbon dioxide & ethanol C 6 H 12 O 6  2CO 2 + C 2 H 5 OH Yeast cells do alcoholic fermentation ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Wine and beer industry – ferment carbohydrates in fruits and grains to produce ______________ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Baking – CO 2 causes bread to rise ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Animals and some microbes produce lactic acid Animals and some microbes produce lactic acid Yogurt Yogurt Cheeses Cheeses Sourdough bread Sourdough bread LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

Animals and some microbes produce lactic acid Animals and some microbes produce lactic acid Muscle fatigue Muscle fatigue From lactic acid in muscles From lactic acid in muscles Want to hop on one foot for 2 minutes? Want to hop on one foot for 2 minutes? CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Glucose completely broken down to inorganic molecules Glucose completely broken down to inorganic molecules More chemical energy converted to ATP More chemical energy converted to ATP B. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Note – oxygen required!! AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Final steps occur in the mitochondria Final steps occur in the mitochondria 36 ATP 36 ATP AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Pathway ATP Fermentation2 Aerobic respiration36

How much energy (ATP) is produced during respiration? Anaerobic Respiration – 2 ATP Anaerobic Respiration – 2 ATP Aerobic Respiration – 36 ATP Aerobic Respiration – 36 ATP Aerobic is more efficient! Aerobic is more efficient!

CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O It’s how cells get ATP from glucose! GLUCOSE

Think … How does the formula for cellular respiration compare to the formula for photosynthesis? How does the formula for cellular respiration compare to the formula for photosynthesis? PS: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2CR: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration Photosynthesis Food (glucose) is made Food (glucose) is made Energy from the Sun stored in Glucose Energy from the Sun stored in Glucose CO 2 taken in CO 2 taken in Oxygen given off Oxygen given off Occurs in plants Occurs in plantsRespiration Food (glucose) is broken down Energy of Glucose Released as ATP CO 2 given off Oxygen taken in Occurs in plants and animals

Review video: Cellular Respiration Review video: Cellular Respiration 2 minutes 2 minutes

Quick Review 1. What molecule is like a battery for the cell? 2. Where in ATP is the energy stored? 3. How do you get the energy? 4. How do you “recharge” ADP? 5. What “goes into” photosynthesis? What “comes out of” photosynthesis? What “comes out of” photosynthesis? 6. What organelle is the site of PS?

7. What molecule is broken down by cellular respiration to make ATP? 8.Where in the cell does cellular respiration begin? 9. What organism uses fermentation to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol? 10. What is one use of the carbon dioxide that yeasts produce? 11. Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? Quick Review

12. Where in the cell does aerobic cellular respiration conclude? 13. How many ATP molecules are produced by fermentation? aerobic cellular respiration? 14. What is the formula for cellular respiration? 15. How does PS compare with CR? How else? 16. T/F? Plants and animals do CR. Quick Review

Classwork Assignment from the textbook: Assignment from the textbook: A) page 237, Copy the information in Table 9.1 A) page 237, Copy the information in Table 9.1 B) page 236, read the Minilab and complete the 4 Analysis questions B) page 236, read the Minilab and complete the 4 Analysis questions