Roadmap to Greener Computing Raoul-Abelin Choumin Nguemaleu Lionel Montheu Anastasiia Gusakova Hanieh Esmaeilpour

Preface The book refers to the possible solutions to greener computing and to the need of a green approach related to:  Computer science  Computer infrastructure  Computer's effect on the environment The main challenge -> make computing more environmentally friendly

SUMMARY Chapter I

Chapter 1 − describes the impact of the computer infrastructure lifecycle on the environment − some solutions for greener IT −Answer the questions:  How computer science affect the environment?  What major challenges exist?  How challenges can be improved or prevented? 1.Negative health and environmental effects 2.Options for manufacturing of ecologically (green) friendly computers 3.How to make the right choices in the purchase of green IT 4.Power consumption and problems related to cooling 5.Challenges regarding the disposal of old computers 6.Examples of how IT can positively influence the environment

Negative health and environmental effects − Summary of bromine content in samples of models from each brand, for key component groups analyzed. (a) Brand yields the highest surface bromine concentration for each component type; (b) all values above detection limit of 0.1%; (c) no surface bromine detected in sample 6 (ribbon cable connected to keyboard) for all laptops. (Source : Figure 1.2. Roadmap to greener computing, Choumin Nguemaleu & Montheu)

Lifecycle Analysis LCA is a technique for assessing potential impacts on the environment associated with a product as follows: −Taking inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system −Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with inputs and outputs −Interpreting results of inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the study objectives Once the product is manufactured, it is released in the market and enters the next phase of its lifecycle.

Green purchasing in IT −Energy efficiency −Nontoxic products −Reparability −Recyclability −End-of-life program −“Old” against “new” strategies −Avoid green washing

Using Computer Systems − Average retail price of electricity to ultimate customers by enduse sector, year-to-date: through May 2011 and (Source : Figure 1.4. Roadmap to greener computing, Choumin Nguemaleu & Montheu)

A single computer environment

Power consumption

Reasons why IT infrastructure is needed −Data redundancy. −Server redundancy. −Performance. −Load balancing.

Lower Power Consumption without Compromising Quality of Service (QoS) −Monitoring power usage. −Reduce standby power usage. −Storage area network vs. direct attached storage. −Virtual machines instead of physical servers. −Blade servers. −Automate night tasks. −CO2 Saver.

Cooling Challenges at Data Centers −Increased challenge in heat management and high cost of cooling −About $ 6 billion per year in U.S.A electricity costs, much of it for cooling data centers Challenges in data centers: More servers in data centers for different purposes Increased heat density in server racks Irregular distribution of heat load in data center High power cost as a result Energy used in data centers for : Running servers Cooling servers Humidification and dehumidification Lighting Chilling water (compressing to cool air)

End Of Life Of Computer Systems/Components −Last phase in the lifecycle −Components are out of use or no longer meet the needs of owners/operators −How to properly dispose them Alternatives to Recycling donation programs changing component(s) selling old components Disposing Old Computers (each year million tonnes of e-waste globally) in landfills => problematic to soil and water due to leaking toxins burning, releases heavy metals & toxic fumes => respiratory and skin problems to exposed ones returned to the seller (Extended producer Responsibility; EPR) specialized collection sites recycling valuable materials

Positive influence of IT to the environment IT infrastructure and software in ecologically friendly way: Less use of paper Remote instead of on-site support. (e.g., maintenance purposes) Online meetings; reducing travel costs and environmental emissions (VoIP, Skype) Using energy-efficient hardware Eco-design; long-lasting, upgradeable goods, long warranties, efficiently repaired and recycled. Design products to last instead of designing products for the dumpsite. Reducing negative impacts of IT to the environment requires collective effort from several parties: Manufacturers (e.g., nontoxic materials) Customers (e.g., eco-labels) Legislation/state/organizations (e.g., “green washing” prevention) (sending old electronic devices to developing countries; “bridging the digital gap” under cover of donation, recycle, reuse but 25-75% of “secondhand goods” imported to Africa cannot be reused)

Thank you for attention!