Industrial Revolution in America

What is an Industrial Revolution? Industrial -- an intensive type of economic activity involved with manufacturing and production + Revolution -- a drastic and far- reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving = the rapid transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation

When did the American Industrial Revolution take place? Various periods of American History – : 1 st Industrial Revolution – : 2 nd Industrial Revolution

How did the 1 st Industrial Revolution transform the way goods were produced? The Lowell System Interchangeable Parts Mass production – Assembly line (production line) FACTORIES

What is a Textile Mill? Samuel Slater – Brought the secrets of textile (cloth) mill manufacturing from Great Britain to America – Water Power – Textile industry grew in the Northeast (lots of rivers to power the mills)

What are Interchangeable Parts and Mass Production? Eli Whitney – Idea of interchangeable parts or parts of a machine that are identical, to make manufacturing of products easier which sped up the process of mass production – Invented the cotton gin

How did textile mills change workers’ lives? Factory jobs – Simple, repetitive tasks done for low pay attracted people with no skills – Jobs were filled by whole families including children that were paid low wages – Francis Cabot Lowell The Lowell System – Employed young, unmarried women and provided them housing – Clean factories and free-time for workers – Spinning of thread and weaving in the same factory

What changes happened in Transportation? Two new forms created a boom in business by reducing shipping costs and time through the use of STEAM – Steamboat – Steam powered trains

More about Steamboats Increased trade by moving goods more quickly and more cheaply More than 500 steamboats were in use by 1840

More about Steam Powered Trains Goods, people, and information were able to travel rapidly and efficiently across the United States Eventually coal replaced wood as a source of fuel as trains grew bigger (wood or coal heated the water that creates the steam to power the train) – Railroads caused cities to grow up along the tracks – About 30,000 miles of railroads linked American cities by 1860

How did the shift to steam power affect the growth of cities? allowed owners to build factories anywhere Factories were shifted closer to cities and transportation centers Cities became centers of industrial growth

What other inventions came about During 1 st Industrial Revolution? Telegraph – A device that could send information over wires – Morse code – The telegraph grew with the railroad Sewing machine (could make clothes at home) Ice boxes (storage of food) Clocks, matches, safety pins were all mass produced and made life easier

Stop Your Note Taking Now. Look back into your notes and write a summary of what you learned. CONTINUE ON TO 2 nd Industrial Revolution

What causes Industrial Growth? Greater ability to use natural resources A growing population Transportation advances Rising immigration Inventions Increasing business investment Government policies assisting business, such as protective tariffs (taxes)

The Rise of Cities (urbanization) Between Urban population of the US grew by 552% million million Cities grow because of immigration – Rural to urban migration- people leave the farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in cities

Immigrants Push Factors Poverty Lack of Economic Opportunity No freedom War No jobs No hope of a future Famine/ starvation/drought Pull Factors Economic Opportunity Jobs/ workers were needed Land A future of land ownership Peace and stability Freedom to make a better life

What is the 2 nd American Industrial Revolution about? It leads to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication – Steel processing – Use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation – Other inventions changed lives of Americans

Breakthroughs in Steel Processing (made from iron ore -- a non-renewable resource) s – Steel was used for 40,000 miles of railroad track – Bessemer Process Allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply Increased production from 77,000 tons in 1870 to more than 1 million in 1879 – As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction Growth of railroads helped the U.S. expand and prosper

Advances in the use of Oil (non-renewable resource) Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into fuel called kerosene in the 1850s. Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil. A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

Development of Electricity Thomas Edison – Held for that 1,000 patents, worked to invent and electric light Edison and his team introduced the first light bulb in 1870

Other inventions that changed lives New telegraph technology connected the U.S. with Great Britain by cable in 1866 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 – 55,000 phones in 1880 to almost 1.5 million in 1900

Gasoline powered engine invented in 1876

U.S. builds first motorcar in 1893 Ransom Eli Olds is at the tiller of his first petroleum car

Henry Ford introduced the Model T Ford was first to implement the moving assembly line in manufacturing, making cars more affordable

Wilbur and Orville Wright 1903 Invented an airplane powered by a gas engine

Stop Your Note Taking Now. Look back into your notes and write a summary of what you learned. CONTINUE ON TO Big Business and Labor

The Rise of Big Business and Labor The rise of CORPORATIONS and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the U.S. People and the government began to question the methods of big business

What is a corporation? Corporations are businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares Corporate leaders were some of the most widely respected of American society Corporations rewarded the people who founded them and the investors who held stock Corporations looked for more investment in business because stockholders could sell stock when ever they wanted

Business Leaders Andrew Carnegie – Most admired businessman – Focused on STEEL making – involved in each step of manufacturing, to LOWER COSTS John D. Rockefeller – Standard OIL Company was country’s largest refinery – owning all business in a field – Formed a TRUST, grouping many companies under a single board

What were the problems with Big Business? Business leaders believed in social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” Big business takes over small weaker business

More Problems for Big Businesses People said business earned their $$$ through unfair business practices – Used size and strength to drive smaller competitors out of business – Powerful trusts sold goods and services below market value until smaller competitors went out of business, then raised prices MONOPOLY, or total ownership of a product or service

What was the Sherman Antitrust Act? Passed in 1890 Made it illegal to create MONOPOLIES or TRUSTS that restrained trade A trust was not clearly defined, so it was difficult to enforce Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size and power

What were the Labor Issues? Quality of working conditions Child labor poor working conditions Machines and unskilled workers replaced skilled craftspeople Low paid workers could easily be replaced They brought costs down and caused production to rise

Poor Working Conditions Small, crowded rooms Doing the same task all the time made workers tired, bored and more likely to be injured Stuffy air Unsafe Long hours No job security

Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals Haymarket Riot Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago Resulted in decline of Knights of Labor Homestead Strike Strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards dead. Pullman Strike Began with workers who made Pullman train cars Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping cars Federal troops stopped strike.

Stop Your Note Taking Now. Look back into your notes and write a summary of what you learned. YOU’RE DONE!