Ch. 15 The Second Industrial Revolution ( ) US II Ms. Braden

Age of Invention Industrial Innovations new era of industrial growth Steel Bessemer Process increased production by almost 2000 times Steel used in railroads, bridges, buildings, and everyday materials Oil (“Black Gold”) Edwin L. Drake drilled for oil in Pennsylvania Patent: guarantee to protect an inventor’s rights to make, use, or sell their invention. *How did the advances in steel production and oil refining affect U.S. industry? Production skyrocketed and they were both used for many uses across the United States.

Age of Invention Transportation Railroads Transcontinental Railroad (1869) connected Nebraska to the Pacific Ocean Effects - Linked remote towns to urban centers, increased western settlement, stimulated urban growth, created jobs The horseless carriage – the first automobile Airplanes – Wright brothers “First in Flight” (12 seconds and 120 feet) * Developments made travel much more efficient and brought Americans into closer contact with each other

Age of Invention Communications Brought Americans into closer contact with each other Telegraph Invented by Samuel Morse Communicating over wires with electricity (dot and dash code) Able to send a message to distant locations within minutes Telephone Invented by Alexander Graham Bell Bell Telephone company eventually became American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Many women took jobs working as telephone operators Typewriter Quickly produced legible documents Multiple copies could be produced using carbon paper Many women took jobs working as typewriters *How did innovations in communications technology affect American women? Employment opportunities were created

Age of Invention Edison and Menlo Park Thomas Alva Edison – scientist and inventor Improved the telegraph capability, light bulbs, and electricity Opened one of the first electric power plants in New York City * How did the inventions created by Thomas Edison’s research affect daily life? Electricity was delivered to offices and home

The Rise of Big Business The New Capitalist Spirit Capitalism – Private businesses run most industries and competition drives how much goods cost and workers are paid Horatio Alger Jr. – author who stressed the importance of individualism and hard work Free Enterprise is the idea that the economy will prosper if businesses had no government intervention Criticism Response to the idea that with free enterprise, the rich would take advantage of the poor Communism – individual ownership does not exist (everyone is equal) Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest” – Society will progress through natural competition The strong will survive The weak will fail

The Rise of Big Business The Corporation Corporation – organizers raise money by selling shares of stock, in turn they receive a percentage of the profit Andrew Carnegie (famous for his Steel business) urged people to buy stocks Monopoly – With little to no competition, a company has almost complete control over the price and quality of a product Carnegie and Steel Scottish immigrant who worked his way up He controlled each stage of production and could therefore offer lower prices than his competitors Rockefeller and Oil John D. Rockefeller gained control of the oil market similarly to Carnegie

The Rise of Big Business Mass Marketing Companies used advertising to promote their products Created a consumer culture in the United States The department store Created to cater to the demands of the urban market Carried a wide variety of items under one roof Products purchased in bulk reduced cost Targeted women as customers and tried to create a homelike atmosphere ~~~ How did mass marketing contribute to business growth? - Department stores thrived due to increase in consumer culture

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize Government and Business Public grew angry as corporations began to grow and dominate industry Sherman Antitrust Act – outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade *failed to define what a monopoly is so they continued to grow Government was focused on issues of political corruption and provided little to no help for workers The New Working Class Demand for labor was huge and work was filled largely by immigrants African Americans Southern industries barred African Americans from jobs Northern industries chose native-born whites and immigrants over African Americans (if they did gain employment, conditions were dangerous or service- related) Women and Children Women and children worked if their families needed the income 18% of the labor force were women 20% were children

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize Working Conditions Children worked 12 hour shifts for pennies a day White unskilled men worked for $10 a week – African Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans worked the same amount and time for less money Countless work-related deaths Some employers created company towns where workers lives, wages would come in a form where you could only use them in the town The Knights of Labor Early national workers union – offered to skilled and unskilled workers including women, but not African Americans until 1883 Mary Harris Jones “the most dangerous woman in America” – organized strikes, marches, and demonstration “her place was wherever there was a fight” Fought for an 8-hour day, equal pay for equal work, and end to child labor

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize The Great Upheaval Year of 1886 U.S. experienced intense strikes and violent labor confrontations The Haymarket Riot Chicago workers struck for an 8-hour workday Under the leadership of radical anarchists = left 2 strikers dead Tried to meet peacefully the next day - explosion killed 7 police officers 8 leaders found guilty of intent to murder, 4 were hanged Decline in Worker Activism Worker activism declined after the Haymarket Riot Workers who were union members were blacklisted by companies and could not get work

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize The Homestead and Pullman Strikes Homestead Strike at the Carnegie Steel Company due to wage cuts – 16 dead Pullman Car Factory Strike due to wage cuts Eugene V. Debs Head of the American Railroad Union (ARU) Supported the Pullman strikers Government intervened and jailed strikers for delaying U.S. mail delivery, destroying the ARU ~~~ How successful were labor strikes in the late 1800’s? Most were unsuccessful due to violence, federal troop intervention, and anti- union activities