1 IAEA/RCA Project Planing Meeting of RCA Project on Establilishing a Benchmark for Assessing the Radiological Impact of Nuclear Power Activities on the Marine Environment in the Aisa-Pacfic region(RAS/7/016), 9-13 July, 2007 IAEA Headquarters, Vienna, Australia Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI)

2 Nuclear Power Plant of Korea 1.GORI Plant 2.YOUNGKWANG Plant 3.WOLSEUNG Plant 4.ULJIN Plant

3 Past Study (Experience of radionuclides using at Marine Environment)

4 1993, The Russia was disclosured that had been dumped the Radioactive waste in the East Sea during the past 30yr. Survey the dumping site (Korea, Japan, Russia ( )) Korea and Japan Co-Survey, at (6 station) Russian Radioactive waste dumping sites

5 KORDI data

6 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. Sampling Sites spring summer autumn winter E2E3 F1 F2 E6E5E4 S2 S3 S7 S16 D5 C'-1 C7C6C5C4C3C2C1 B'-2 B'-1 B1B2B3B4B5 DJ1 DJ2 DJ3(J') DJ11 DJ13 DJ14 DJ15 DJ16 DJ17 DB2DB3(B') DB8DB7 DB14 DK1 N2 N5 S2 S4 S6 Mokpo E4 D4 C7C5C1 B1 A2 B3B5 A2 A5 A12 A9 DB7 DB13 DB16DB19 DJ8 DJ14 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 S1 S3 S o E o N

7 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. Sampling and preparation  Sea Water (80kg) - Surface : pump - Vertical : 10 liter niskin water bottle Sample  Filtering (1μm)  Acidify ( < pH2)  Rain & Snow (80kg) - PVC Vessel (1m 2 ) Sample  Acidify ( < pH2)  Settling particles - Time series sediment trap (McLane Mark 7-21) Sieving  Vacuum drying  Counting (  -spectrometry

8 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The Horizontal distribution of dissolved 137 Cs in the Yellow Sea Concentration range : 1.78 ~ 3.38 mBq/kg Mean Concentration : 2.63 mBq/kg Distribution Characteristics Surface water - low in coastal region and northern part of Yellow Sea - high in the southern part of Yellow Sea.

9 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The Horizontal distribution of dissolved Pu in the Yellow Sea Concentration range : 2.17 ~ μBq/kg Mean Concentration : 2.63 μBq/kg Distribution Characteristics Surface water - over 1 order of magnitude differences between each stations unlike 137 Cs. - more than 9  Bq/kg in the shores of Taean peninsula. - less than 5  Bq/kg in the central part of the Yellow Sea. - of more than 7  Bq/kg in southwest of Yellow Sea. Feb Yellow Sea Bottom Pu ( Bg/kg)

10 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. Average concentration of artificial radionuclides in Korean coastal areas

11 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The budget of 137 Cs in the Yellow Sea. Annual input of river water into the Yellow Sea : 118  10 9 m 3 - the Yangtz river discharge is not included here because of mostly flows into the East China Sea Annual input of suspended matters into the Yellow Sea : 1150  10 9 kg/yr Annual input of dissolved 137 Cs : 67.3 GBq/yr Annual input of particulate 137 Cs : GBq/yr Total riverine input flux of 137 Cs : GBq/yr

12 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The budget of dissolved 137 Cs flux in the Yellow Sea Runoff (67.3 GBq/yr) Boundary flux ( GBq/yr) Residual salt flux ( GBq/yr) Precipitation (0.79 GBq/yr) Yellow Sea Net internal source of 137 Cs (510.6 GBq/yr)

13 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. Settling fluxes of radionuclides in the sea (East Sea)

14 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The temporal variation of total mass flux in the East Sea (2000~2001) Total Mass Flux range m : 0.09 ~ 1.27 g/m 2 /day m : 0.15 ~ 0.84 g/m 2 /day Mean Total Mass flux m : 0.40 g/m 2 /day m : 0.37 g/m 2 /day Distribution Characteristics - high in the depth of 1000m and 2000m in March and November. - average mass flux : 1~2 orders lower then coastal area such as Tokyo Bay ~1 order higher than that of open oceans such as the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. - The East Sea have relatively high total mass flux

15 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The plot of total mass flux versus concentration and flux of 210 Po and 210 Pb  total mass flux versus 210 Po and 210 Pb concentration : a negative relation. total mass flux versus 210 Po and 210 Pb flux : positive relation.

16 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The temporal variation of 137 Cs concentration in settling particles 137 Cs concentration range m : 0.13 ~ 2.63 dpm/g m : 0.19 ~ 4.17 dpm/g 137 Cs Flux range m : 0.02 ~ 1.20 dpm/m 2 /day m : 0.09 ~ 1.40 dpm/m 2 /day Mean 137 Cs concentration m : 0.85 dpm/g m : 1.16 dpm/g Mean 137 Cs Flux m : 0.36 dpm/m 2 /day m : 0.41 dpm/m 2 /day

17 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The temporal variation of monthly flux of dustfall and 210 Pb Monthly flux of dust fall - range : 1.21 ~ g/m 2 /month - average : 5.41 Distribution Characteristics - low in the summer and high in the winter and spring.

18 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. Atmospheric input of monthly wet of Pu, 90 Sr and 137 Cs flux Pu, 90 Sr and 137 Cs - high concentration : spring - low concentration : summer wet period

19 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. The annual flux of artificial radionuclides from the atmosphere ND : not determined

20 90 Sr, 137 Cs and 239,240Pu concentration surface water time series in the Pacific and Indian Oceans-WOMARS results. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 81, (2005). Distribution and inventories of 90 Sr, 137 Cs, 241 Am and Pu isotopes in sediments of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology 216, (2005). Reconstructing seawater column 90Sr based upon 210 Pb/ 226 Ra disequilibrium of mollusk shells. Applied Geochemistry. 20, (2005). A reconnaissance on the use of the speleothems in Korean limestone caves to retrospective study on the regional climate change for the recent and geologic past. Geosccience Journal. 9, (2005). Artificial radionuclides in the Yellow Sea. Radioactivity in the environment. 8, (2006). Main Achievments (2005~2006)

21 National Project team consist of KORDI (Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute) and Cheju University (Applied Radiological Science Research Institute). KORDI is measures the nuclide concentrations in the sea area off the Nuclear Power Plant. Cheju University is assessing the biological impact arising from the radionuclides discharged from Nuclear Plant. Both institutions are in the preliminary stage of the project. Cheju University plans to host RTC in December National Work Plan (2007)

Radionuclides Sampling Station Artificial Radionuclides : Cs-137, Sr-90, Pu isotopes Natural Radionuclides Ra-226, 228 Po-210, Pb-210 Th-234

23 Sediment Trap and Current Mooring System

24 Research vessel Onuri of KORDI Infrastructure facilities

25 Ge Gamma Spec. : 2 set Alpha Spec. : 2 set (20 Detector) Low Back-ground Beta Counter : 2 set (10 Detector)

26 Collection of air sample instrument Collection of rain sample instrument

27 Marine Environment and Climate Change Lab. Construction of Data Base which measured and scattered radionuclides data for marine environments Measurement the sediment of various coastal area (including bay, harbor etc.) Effort the extension of marine area for national radionuclide measurement network Future Study

28 Thank You