Leadership Objectives : - The difference between a manager and a leader - Some of major classifications of management style. - The contingency approach, and factors which will determine the appropriate management style. - The effectiveness of a given management style in a given situation - How successful change in organizations may depend on leadership skills.

Leadership What is Leader ?Management Style Choosing a Style Successful Change Leadership Effective Managers

What is Leader ? Management Style Choosing a Style Successful Change Effective Managers Leadership What is Leader ? -Managers and leaders -Followership -Leadership in Organizations -Leadership Traits

What is Leader ? Managers and leaders: Functions of management are basically: planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling. Where are leadership involves a different kind of function, essentially its people centered activities with effects potentially beyond scope of controlled performance. A leader’s special function is to create a vision, communicate the vision, energize /inspire / motivate, create the culture. Followership: willingness of people to follow is what makes a person to be a leader. Leadership in Organizations Leadership Traits

Management Style Management Style: -Tells/sells/ consults/ joins -A continuum of management Style -Leadership and organizational Culture. Choosing a Style Successful ChangeEffective Managers Leadership What is Leader ?

Management Style: Tells/sells/ consults/ joins 4 broad management style found by Ashridge Management College in UK (table p ) A continuum of management Style

Management styles Leadership and organizational Culture. -Goleman’s (2000) research published in the Harvard Business Review investigated how each of the 6 distinctive leadership styles correlated with a specific component on an organization’s culture that are : flexibility / responsibility / standards / rewards / clarity / commitment -Goleman (2000) suggested that effective leaders choose from 6 distinctive leadership style Coercive (Do what I tell you) / Pacesetting ( Do as I do,now) / Coaching (try this) / Democratic (what do you think) / affiliative (People come first) / Authoritative (come with me)

Choosing a Style Management Style Choosing a Style: -A contingency approach -The environment -Task or people? -Trust or control? -Liking or respect? Successful Change Effective Managers Leadership What is Leader ?

Case Study Please Refer to handout

Choosing a Style: A contingency approach: According to Handy, the factors in any situation which influence the effectiveness of a particular management style are as follows: the leader / subordinates / the task / the environment of management. The environment Position of power held by the leader in organization / organizational norms, structure and technology / the variety of tasks and subordinates. Task or people? Lets have a look at Blake & Mouton’s managerial grid page169 Trust or control? Trust-control Dilemma/Theory X & Theory Y Liking or respect?

Successful Change: Management Style Choosing a Style Successful Change: -The change process -Dealing with resistance -Leading the Change -Conflict –the Pluralistic approach -The challenge of Culture -Transformational leaders Communication Effective Managers Leadership What is Leader ?

Successful Change: The change process: Organizations go through 4 main stages: Formative period / Rapid Growth period / Mature Period / Declining Period Dealing with resistance: 3 important factors for leaders to consider when dealing with resistance: pace of change / scope of change / manner of change. Leading the Change: Kurt Lewin developed a programme that involves the management of a 3 stage process of behavior modification: Unfreezing / Changing / Refreezing Conflict –the Pluralistic approach: If conflict is inevitable, there are 2 aspects of conflict that are relevant in practice to the leader: Constructive Effects or Destructive ones

Successful Change: The challenge of Culture: Edwin Baker observed 12 corporations that developed unhealthy corporate Cultures. He found common patterns (p ) -If management needs to change corporate culture, they must now about it in detail. Hampden-Tuner suggests 6 models of intervention : -Find the dangers/Bring conflicts into the open/Play out corporate Dramas / Reinterpret the Corporate myths/ look at symbols, images, rituals / Create a new learning system Transformational leaders: The 4 “I”s of transformational leadership : Individualized consideration / Intellectual stimulation / Inspirational motivation / Idealized influence Communication: potential problems in communication: Not communicating / pointless communication / Distortion / Noise / Non verbal signs / Overload

Effective Managers Management Style Choosing a Style Successful Change Effective Managers: -Which Style Works - Warning Leadership What is Leader ?

Effective Managers: Which Style Works: Rensis Likert found out 4 main elements are normally present in any effective managers: - They expect high levels of performance - The are employee centered - They don’t practice close supervision - They operate in a participative style of management as a natural style. Warning!