Submitted To: Submitted By: Seminar On E-Paper Display

What is e-paper? It is a term that has been used rather loosely for a long time, but broadly speaking it is a display technology that has all the attributes of paper but can be written to and erased electronically. We can list some of these basic attributes as follows: High resolution (150dpi or better). High contrast, equal to that of print on paper (about 10:1 or better). Readable in any ambient light conditions Readable at any viewing angle

How does the E-PAPER DISPLAY(EPD) For e-paper itself, it is just black and white color. To display the colorful effect, we will make a colorful overlay on the very first surface on top of e-paper, then both the colorful overlay and e-paper will be attached to the driver which will control the sequence of display processes. What is the structure of E-PAPER DISPLAY(EPD)? There are five parts for the e-paper display: 1) Overlay with colorful design 2) E-paper 3) Backplane 4) Driver: it will be placed behind the backplane with cover, powered by AAA or coin battery 5) Frame (this part depends on the requirement of clients, we can make the customized frame for you according to your specified requirement).

 Electronic paper was developed in the seventies by Xerox, in the nineties the principle of electrically loaded balls turning under influence of tension and therefore showing either a black or white side, was improved by Joseph Jacobson.  He developed micro capsules, filled with electronically loaded white parts that were dissolved in a dark colored oil. In 1997 Jacobson funded the company E Ink to develop the invention commercially. It was further developed into bulbs containing black and white parts in a transparent oil.  Parallel to the development of electronic ink, the first ebook readers appeared. The first were based on the ‘traditional' lcd technology and were therefore not appropriate to read for a long time. Plus, the readers experienced strong competition from the pda (colored screens).

 An e-paper display on a watch refreshes to remove ghosts.  Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While the technologies used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its own distinct technological advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the following general challenges:  A method for encapsulation An ink or active material to fill the encapsulation Electronics to activate the ink Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid materials. For flexible displays, the base requires a thin, flexible material tough enough to withstand considerable wear, such as extremely thin plastic.

 It's being touted as the thinnest and lightest e-reader on the market, but what really makes the Flex ONE special is its inaugural use of Electronic Paper Display (EPD).  Wexler has become the first to launch a flexible e-reader that features LG's EPD, a revolutionary technology that pundits see as a veritable game changer.  "The Flex ONE will benefit from the inherent durability of LG's EPD, which reportedly withstood multiple hits with a urethane hammer without a scratch," reports James Holloway in a Gizmag blog.Gizmag

 "The reader boasts a hefty 8 GB of storage, twice that of the Kindle DX, and four times that of Amazon's new Kindle, despite having a screen of identical size and being only two thirds its weight. As storage: weight ratios go, the Flex ONE is truly remarkable."  The Flex ONE, with its four millimeter-thick frame weighing a mere 110 grams, has delivered on LG's promise that EPD- based gadgets would soon be on the way. Sang Duck Yeo, head of operations for LG Display's Mobile/OLED (organic light-emitting diode) division, announced that the world's first plastic EPD was in full production back in early April.  With a 900 mAh lithium-ion battery, Wexler claims that the Flex ONE can go weeks without recharging. The device can connect to a computer using a USB 2.0 port, but this particular e-reader comes with its own dedicated power adapter.

 Since it is a new technology, it requires more techniques for handling and understanding. Otherwise, if any organizations would like to apply e-paper in their operations, the cost is large and hard to afford since e-paper is a new information technology which does not widely use.  Moreover, for some areas which have high need of color performance is not suggested to use e-paper because color e-paper technology is still developing. Nowadays, most of e-paper display black and white.

 There are also some other technologies, which offers low- power reflective displays. While these aren't really e-paper technologies, they do compete with e-paper displays for sunlight readability and power consumption:  Mirasol: Qualcomm's Mirasol displays are MEMS based reflective color displays. Mirasol displays offer fast response time and are power efficient (although they do require power even when the image does not change). Small Mirasol displays are currently being produced and Qualcomm is working towards a larger fab that will produce displays suited for e-readers (5.7" and larger).  Pixel Qi: Pixel-Qi offers hybrid LCD/e-paper technology: you have one display that can can be switched between a full- color normal LCD and a black-and-white low power reflective display. Pixel-Qi displays can provide a great solution for laptops and tablet and are starting to appear in tablet computers today.

 The term e-paper is quite confusing, as actually there are several different technologies trying to achieve the same goal: a flexible, thin, sunlight- readable efficient paper-like display. Here is a list of the leading technologies around:  E Ink: E Ink (made by E Ink Inc) is the 'original' e- paper technology, and the current market leader. E Ink offers black and white e-paper (color is coming soon) and is used in most e-readers today (Amazon, Sony, Barnes & Noble and others). E Ink displays are also used in other products.  Sipix: Black and white e-paper made by AUO, quite similar to E Ink. It is currently being produced and used by some e-readers.

 The basic material used in the electronic paper display is ELECTRONIC INK.  Electronic ink is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays. Although revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is a straightforward fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new material.  The principal components of electronic ink are millions of tiny microcapsules, about the diameter of a human hair. In one incarnation, each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. When a negative electric field is applied, the white particles move to the top of the microcapsule where they become visible to the user. This makes the surface appear white at that spot.

 Various types of electronic-paper technologies have been studied, with some of them already introduced into practice. Since 2003, the Electronic Paper Consortium, sponsored by the Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association (JBMIA), has continuously researched electronic-paper technology, including its marketability, technical trends, and future direction as new media.  Our suggestion made at the 3rd Electronic Paper Symposium was that, though this may sound a bit abstract, electronic paper is a digital medium that supports "reflective cognition." The term "reflective cognition" here refers to the workings of the mind that are essential for the intellectual activities of humans, through which various items of information are compared before appropriate decision-making can take place.

 1F.Onabe, et al., "Frontiers of Electronic Paper for Practical Applications," NTS, Inc. (2005). 2N. K.Sheridon, U.S.Patent No (1978). 3J. Jacobson, B. Comiskey, C. Turner, J. Albert, and P. Tsao, "The last book," IBM Systems Journal 36, No.3, (1997). 4S. Okano, M. Omodani  M. Nakata, and S. Maeda, "Study of Readability as a Target of Electronic Paper: Effect of media handling styles on reading tasks," IEICE Technical Report. Electronic Information Displays 104, (2004). 5H. Harada, M. Gomyo, Y. Okano, T. Gan, T. Urano, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Uesaka, and H. Arisawa, "Full Color A6-Size Photo-Addressable Electronic Paper," Proc. IDW '07, (2007).