Chapter 12 Antibodies and Allergies

Antibodies Commonly called an Immunoglobulin Y-Shaped protein Identifies and neutralizes foreign particles Produced by Plasma Cells (type of B Cell) Binds to an antigen to neutralize it

An Antibody will bind to a specific part of the antigen to tag and mark it A bound antigen can then be taken care of by other parts of the immune system (b’s and t’s) In some cases, the antigen will be neutralized by being “tagged”

Antibodies Functions: Complement Fixation Neutralization Agglutination precipitation

Complement—bacteria fixes itself to the antibody and enhances the inflammatory process Neutralization—antibodies bind to viruses or bacteria that cause cell injury **--block the harmful effects of the virus

Agglutination—An antibody binds to more than one antigen at once --this causes “clumping” of cells --easily captured by phagocytes Precipitation—An antibody binds to more than one antigen at once --Antigen/Antibody complex becomes insoluble and settles out --easily captured by phagocytes

Cells Involved in Immunity B Cells—Produce Antibodies, Plasma cells and Memory cells Plasma Cells—Antibody producing machine Helper T Cell—Binds with antigens and stimulates production of other immunity cells Killer T Cell—kills virus-invaded body cells and cancerous cells Suppressor T Cell—Slows the activity of B or T cells when infection is over Memory Cell—enables body to respond quickly to future infections Macrophage—Engulfs and digests antigens is contacts

Organ Transplant and Rejection Transplant  Taking something from someone’s body and transferring it to a new body Genetics Match  DNA must be at least a 75% match to try the transplant Immunosuppressive Therapy  drugs or therapy taken to prevent rejection  The recipient is succeptible to infection while on this type of therapy

Tissue Transplants Autograft  Tissue is transplanted from one site to another on the same person Isograft  Tissue donated from an identical person (twin) Allograft  Tissue is donated from an unralted person Xenograft  Tissue donated from a different animal species

Immunity Disorders: Allergies Allergies (Hypersensitivity Disorder)  Excessive activation of certain white blood cells  Extreme Inflammatory Response  immune system causes damage to normal tissues as it fights off a perceived threat  Allergens—antigen producing an allergic response

Common Allergic Reactions Eczema, Hay Fever, Asthma Attack, Hives, Food Allergies, Reactions to Stings and Snake Bites

Allergic Reaction Mechanics

Allergic Response 1.) Immediate Hypersensitivity 2.) Anaphylactic Shock 3.) Delayed Hypersensitivity

Immediate Hypersensitivity Allergic “Reaction” Body’s response happens almost immediately Histamine is released Mucous membranes become irritated Lacrimal organs become sensitive (eye redness) Periodic and localized irritations/itching present Rhinitis and Sneezing

Anaphylactic Shock --Bodywide/Systemic acute allergic response --Allergen enters the blood and spreads quickly --“Full body” Allergic Reaction --Dangerous situation with potentially fatal result

Anaphylactic Shock

Delayed Hypersensitivity  Arise from contact dermatitis with certain chemicals  Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and contact with Heavy Metals, Clothing dyes, Cosmetics, Deoderant chemicals

Disruptions to Homeostasis Immunodeficiencies  Production of immune cells is abnormal SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease): deficit of B and T Cells causes no protection against pathogens and invaders AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): interferes with function of helper T Cells

Disruptions to Homeostasis Autoimmune Diseases  occur when the body attacks itself Examples: Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthemia Gravis, Graves’ Disease, Type 1 Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus, Lupus, Glomerulonephritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis