ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING B.E 3rd Year,Semester-V( )

Submitted by -Group no Shimpi Bhoomi Jignesh Gaikwad Bilal Mansuri Guided by – Mrs. Anuradha Imdapur Enrollment no. Name

Fundamentals of Television One of the great electrical engineering triumphs was the development of color television in such a way that it remained compatible with black and white television. A major driving force behind the majority of current color TV standards was to allow black-and-white TVs to continue to be able to receive a valid TV signal after color service was in place. In the most basic form, color television could simply be implemented by having cameras with three filters. and then transmitting the three color signals over wires to a receiver with three electron guns and three drive circuits. Unfortunately, this idealized view is not compatible with the previously allocated 6 MHz bandwidth of a TV channel. It is also not compatible with previously existing monochrome receivers.

Pixel 4 In digital imaging, a pixel, or picture element is a physical point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable element in an all points addressable display device; so it is the smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen. The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares, but CRT pixels correspond to their timing mechanisms and sweep rates. Similarly, the eye can fuse separate pixels in a line into one continuously varying line, as long as the spacing between pixels is sufficiently small.

Bandwidth of Chrominance Signals With real video signals, the chrominance component typically changes much slower than luminance Furthermore, the human eye is less sensitive to changes in chrominance than to changes in luminance The eye is more sensitive to the orange- cyan range (I) (the color of face!) than to green- purple range (Q) The above factors lead to I: bandlimitted to 1.5 MHZ and Q: bandlimitted to 0.5 MHz

Multiplexing of Luminance and Chrominance Position the band limited chrominance at the high end of the luminance spectrum, where the luminance is weak, but still sufficiently lower than the audio (at 4.5 MHz). The two chrominance components (I and Q) are multiplexed onto the same sub- carrier using QAM. The resulting video signal including the baseband luminance signal plus the chrominance components modulated to f c is called composite video signal.

Block diagrams of TV receivers

BANDWIDTH 8 In computer networks, bandwidth is used as a synonym for data transfer rate, the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second). Network bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps); modern networks typically have speeds measured in the millions of bits per second (megabits per second, or Mbps) or billions of bits per second (gigabits per second, or Gbps). Different applications require different bandwidths. An instant messaging conversation might take less than 1,000 bits per second (bps); a voice over IP (VoIP) conversation requires 56 kilobits per second (Kbps) to sound smooth and clear. Standard definition video (480p) works at 1 megabit per second (Mbps), but HD video (720p) wants around 4 Mbps, and HDX (1080p), more than 7 Mbps.

TV broadcasting system When two or more stations are able to broadcast the same program that originates from a single source Networks originate programs and provide them to local affiliates.  Affiliated with a network Carry network programming and their own programs Independent stations Most advertisers are local retailers.  Many consider public television to be commercial-free Stations can air program sponsorship ads Reaches the affluent.  Most of the attention in media buying, and in measuring effectiveness, focuses on the performance of various shows and how they engage their audiences

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