Language And Equality Made by---孔芳芳

Deficit Approach One gender is deficient in terms of the other. Jespersen's idea that women's speech is deficient relative to a male

Robin Lakoff <<language an women’s place>> In 1975 Robin Lakoff identified a "women's register," which she argued served to maintain women's (inferior) role in society.Lakoff argued that women tend to use linguistic forms that reflect and reinforce a subordinate role.

linguistic forms used by women that reflect and reinforce a subordinate role tag questions（附加疑问句） question intonation “weak” directives (指令、指示) Minimal responses Turn-taking Self-disclosure Verbal aggression Listening and attentiveness Dominance versus subjection

tag questions Open the window, will you? You'd better stop now, hadn't you? Oh I must, must I? I just adore Beethoven, don't you? I'm coming with you, all right? You've been there, right? Easier said than done, eh? You went there, no?

Verbal aggression Men tend to be more verbally aggressive in conversing, frequently using threats, profanities(亵渎的语言), yelling and name-calling. Women, on the whole, deem this to disrupt the flow of conversation and not as a means of upholding one’s hierarchical status in the conversation. Where women swear, it is usually to demonstrate to others what is normal behavior for them

Self-disclosure Self-disclosure is both the conscious and unconscious act of revealing more about oneself to others. This may include, thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, dreams as well as one's likes, dislikes, and favorites. (gossip talk about coat food.)

In a conversation ,women are more often being interrupted, according to the statistic the chances of women being interrupted is 50% than men.

“report（宣告） style,” aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women more often use a “rapport （融洽、和谐）style," which is more concerned with building and maintaining relationships.

Misogynist厌女 slut Spinster剩女 bachelor

Treated men's language as the standard. As such, women's language was considered to have something inherently 'wrong' with it.

有关女人话多这种量的估量不是相对于男人的谈话量来比较，而是根据女人应该保持沉默这个前提来估算的。 写于公元1世纪的《圣保罗书》中记载，使徒保罗明确阐述道：“女人在教堂中应闭口不言”。

WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE there are 120 synonyms for blackness and at least 60 of them are offensive, as for example, blot, soot, grim, devil and foul. And there are some 134 synonyms for whiteness and all are favorable, expressed in such words as purity, cleanliness, chastity and innocence. A white lie is better than a black lie. The most degenerate member of a family is a "black sheep." Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should be reconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority.

The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy. Inception

One night, a juror came to Jesus and he wanted to know what he could do to be saved. Jesus didn't get bogged down in the kind of isolated approach of what he shouldn't do. Jesus didn't say, "Now Nicodemus, you must stop lying." HE didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must stop cheating if you are doing that." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must not commit adultery." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, now you must stop drinking liquor if you are doing that excessively." He said something altogether different, because Jesus realized something basic - that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill. So instead of just getting bogged down in one thing, Jesus looked at him and said, "Nicodemus, you must be born again."

African-American Civil Rights Movement Black power movement Cultural movement Global justice movement Women’s movement