APA Format IN-TEXT CITATIONS, TITLE PAGE, & ABSTRACT

In-Text Citations Discuss…  What are in-text citations?  Why do you need them?  How do they give credibility to the author?  What do they show the reader?

In-Text Citations  You must use an in-text citation when you do the following:  Directly quote someone else’s material  Paraphrase/summarize someone else’s material  Paraphrase – to put a specific passage from someone’s material into your own words  Summarize – to put the larger main ideas from someone’s material into your own words

In-Text Citations – Quotes  When citing in APA format, you follow an author, date, page number formula when citing quotes:  (Jones, 1998, p. 199).  Jones – author’s last name  1998 – date of source publication  p. 199 – page number of quote from source

In-Text Citations - Quotes  Here’s an example: She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199). Notice that the punctuation (period) goes at the END of the entire citation.

In-Text Citations – Quotes  If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").  You may choose to introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name immediately followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

Examples of Short Quotes  According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).  Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? Notice that the year comes directly after the author’s name mentioned in the tag phrase. The author’s name does NOT need to be mentioned again if mentioned earlier in the sentence. The page number is listed at the end of the quote, even if the rest of the sentence continues.

Examples of Short Quotes  If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

In-Text Citations – Long Quotes Use this format for quotes containing more than 40 words  Omit quotation marks  Use a freestanding block of type-written lines  Start quote on new line, indented ½ inch from left margin (like a new paragraph)  Type entire quotation on new margin  Indent new line of any subsequent paragraph  Maintain double-spacing throughout

Long Quote Example Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) NOTE: The punctuation (period) comes BEFORE The citation in long quotes.

In-Text Citations – Paraphrase or Summary  If you are paraphrasing or summarizing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.  APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number if you have it available, however.

Paraphrase & Summary Examples  According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.  The above example does not include a page number.  APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).  The above example does include a page number.  Either is acceptable when paraphrasing/summarizing.

In-Text Citations – Focus on Authors A Work by Two Authors  Name both authors in the signal phrase/parentheses each time you cite the work.  Use the word "and" between the authors' names in the signal phrase and use the ampersand in the parentheses. Examples  Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...  Studies show… (Wegener & Petty, 1994).

In-Text Citations – Focus on Authors A Work by Three to Five Authors  List all the authors in the signal phrase/parentheses the first time you cite the source. First time:  (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) For subsequent citations – only use the first author's last name followed by " et al. " in the signal phrase or in parentheses.  (Kernis et al., 1993)

In-Text Citations – Focus on Authors Six or More Authors  Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Examples  Harris et al. (2001) argued...  (Harris et al., 2001)

In-Text Citations – Focus on Authors Unknown Author  If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its full title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Example A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

In-Text Citations – Focus on Authors Organization as an Author If the author is an organization/government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase/parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. Example  According to the American Psychological Association (2000),... ____________________________________________________________________ If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. Examples  First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)  Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

In-Text Citations – Focus on Electronic Sources Cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.  Kenneth (2000) explained... Unknown Author and Unknown Date If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").  Another study discovered… ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

In-Text Citations – Focus on Electronic Sources When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number. Example  According to Smith (1997),... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

In-Text Citations – Additional Guidelines  Always capitalize proper nouns, including names and initials  If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all major words  Example 1: Permanence and Change  Example 2: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose (Remember that in your References list, you will only capitalize the first word of a title.)

In-Text Citations – Additional Guidelines  When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.  Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric : T he Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo.”

In-Text Citations – Additional Guidelines  Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; Friends.  Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Practice on Your Own…  Would the following titles be listed in italics or quotations? 1. Anthology (book): American Literature: Volume 2 2. Story within anthology: The Outcasts of Poker Flat 3. Song Title: Sparks Fly 4. TV Series: Friday Night Lights

In-Text Citations – Additional Guidelines  APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research.  Examples:  Jones (1998) found…  Jones (1998) has found…  In other words, do not write  Jones (1998) finds, discusses, will argue, etc. (avoid present and future tenses)

TITLE PAGE  This is the first page of your finished essay  It should contain this info:  Title of paper  Author’s name (in other words, YOUR name)  Institutional Affiliation (Franklin Academy)  Page header: title and page number

Title Page – Title  Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page.  No more than 12 words in length  No abbreviations All text on the title page and throughout your pape, should be double-spaced.

Title Page – Author’s Name & Institutional Affiliation  Beneath the title, type the author's name : first name, middle initial(s), and last name  Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author conducted the research (for our purposes – Franklin Academy)

Title Page – Page Header  The page header includes the title of your paper and the page number. It should be included on every page of your essay.  The page number should be positioned flush right. The title should be written in all capital letters and be positioned flush left.  On the title page, it should look like this:  Running Head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER  On subsequent pages, it should look like this:  TITLE OF YOUR PAPER In other words, just write the words “running head” on your title page.

ABSTRACT  An abstract is a concise summary of the key points in your paper/key points of your research  It should begin on a new page and should follow the title page  Remember to include the page header as described on the previous slide at the top of your abstract

Abstract  On the first line of the title page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, italics, underlining, quotation marks, etc.)  Beginning with the next line (NOT indented), write a concise summary of the key points of your paper.  Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.

BODY & REFERENCES  The body of your paper (meaning your essay itself) should begin after your abstract page.  The references page should be the last page of your paper.

For Further Information  Visit the OWL Purdue website: ce/664/01/ ce/664/01/  This is a great resource for all of your formatting needs!