PBAF/URBDP 560

Today  Discussion Questions  Poverty?  What is poverty?  What are the trends in the spatial location of poverty in metropolitan regions?  Fair Housing Act  Racial Segregation  Discussion Questions

Discussion Questions PovertyRace 1. What are some of the challenges and opportunities governments and nonprofits face in delivering services to low income populations that are located both in central cities and in suburbs? 2. Are areas of concentrated poverty becoming more or less common in US metropolitan areas? 3. In metropolitan areas that are highly stratified into rich and poor areas what can governments and nonprofits do to create more equitable metropolitan areas? 1. What are the causes of residential segregation? Do you agree or disagree with Camille Charles’ three hypotheses of residential segregation? 2. Which public policies contribute to residential segregation? 3. Are mixed neighborhoods really possible or will neighborhoods always be composed of a majority race with token “others”?

What is Poverty? IndividualGeographic  Income Poverty (2009: 14.4%)  Absolute, Relative  Asset Poverty ( : 22.4%)  insufficient net worth to subsist at the federal poverty level for three months in the absence of income.  Shelter Poverty (2001: 30%)  residual income approach  meet non-housing needs at some minimal adequacy after paying for housing.  Qualify for Subs Housing  At or below 80% Area Median Inc (AMI)  Underclass neighborhood  High Rates of  Out of wedlock child bearing  Teen high school drop out  Joblessness men  Welfare dependency  Concentrated Poverty  40% or more of the census tract is below the poverty line  High or Moderate Poverty?  20-40%  Working poor concentration  Percent EITC filers Relative Deprivation

How is Poverty Defined? Health and Human Services Guidelines

Puget Sound Poverty Change Source: urbanpoverty.net

Puget Sound Race Source: urbanpoverty.net

Measuring Segregation  Dissimilarity index  The proportion of a racial group that would have to move across census tracts to create an even proportion of group members across entire MSA. Ranges from 1 (complete segregation) to 0 (complete integration) Exposure Index Exposure Index –The extent to which members of minority group X are exposed to members of majority group Y (also called interaction index)

One More Measure Isolation index Isolation index –Percentage of same racial group residents in the census tract in which the average person of that race resides. 0-1

 What is the extent of residential racial segregation? Calculate Segregation Indices

Changes in Neighborhood Composition From: Fasenfest, David, Jason Booza, and Kurt Metzger Living Together: A New Look at Racial and Ethnic Integration in Metropolitan Neighborhoods.

Sprawl and Race  FHA:  “Those aided were largely white middle or working class families with enough income to purchase the new suburban tract housing springing up….Blacks were first official and later unofficially segregated by the FHA, and the spiral of decline affecting central-city neighborhoods was accelerated by the FHA’s refusal to underwrite mortgages in such areas.” (p )  R. Allen Hays The Federal Government and Urban Housing (2 nd edition)  “The FHA’s appraisal manuals and rules explicitly required racial segregation in areas where it insured homes.” (p. 182). Homogeneity was thought to preserve housing values.  See Encyclopedia of Housing  Example: 1936 Philadelphia Map:

Discussion Questions PovertyRace 1. What are some of the challenges and opportunities governments and nonprofits face in delivering services to low income populations that are located both in central cities and in suburbs? 2. Are areas of concentrated poverty becoming more or less common in US metropolitan areas? 3. In metropolitan areas that are highly stratified into rich and poor areas what can governments and nonprofits do to create more equitable metropolitan areas? 1. What are the causes of residential segregation? Do you agree or disagree with Camille Charles’ three hypotheses of residential segregation? 2. Which public policies contribute to residential segregation? 3. Are mixed neighborhoods really possible or will neighborhoods always be composed of a majority race with token “others”?