Intro to Organic Chemistry GPS 18

Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry –The study of compounds containing carbon

Organic Chemistry Different categories based on bonding –Alkanes (all carbon-carbon single bonds) –Alkenes (at least one carbon-carbon double bond) –Alkynes (at least one carbon-carbon triple bond)

Organic Chemistry alkane alkyne alkene alkane

Saturation and Reactivity SaturationReactivity AlkanesSaturatedLess reactive AlkenesUnsaturatedMore reactive alkynesUnsaturatedMore reactive AlkaneAlkene Alkyne Saturated means each carbon is bound to four atoms, the maximum number

Saturation and Shape Carbon Bonding TypeShape Single-bonded carbonsTetrahedral Double-bonded carbonsTrigonal planar Triple-bonded carbonsLinear AlkaneAlkene Alkyne

Naming Organic Molecules Prefix# of Carbon Atoms meth-1 eth-2 prop-3 but-4 pent-5 hex-6 hept-7 oct-8 non-9 dec-10

Naming Organic Molecules Alkanes –contains only single bonds between carbons –naming: 1. write prefix 2. add –ane for the suffix Example

Naming Organic Molecules Alkenes –contains at least one double bond between carbons – naming: 1. write the lowest # of the carbon that is double bonded (if necessary) 2. write the prefix 3. add –ene for the suffix Example

Naming Organic Molecules Alkynes –contains at least one triple bond between carbons – naming: 1. write the lowest # of the carbon that is triple bonded (if necessary) 2. write the prefix 3. add –yne for the suffix Example

Naming Organic Molecules

Structural Formulas Structural formulas –Recall: it shows how atoms are bonded within the molecule Tips for drawing the correct structural formula: –Carbon always has how many bonds? –Hydrogen always has how many bonds?

Structural Formulas Example: Draw the correct structural formula for the following: a. CH 4 b. C 2 H 6 c. C 2 H 4 d. C 2 H 2

Naming Organic Molecules Examples: Draw the structural formula and report the molecular formula for each of the following: 1. octane 2. ethene 3. propyne

Benzene Benzene: - a cycloalkene (carbons bonded in a ring) - C 6 H 6

Polarity of Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons with no additional functional groups are nonpolar –Examples: C 6 H 12, C 2 H 4 Functional groups, especially hydroxide (-OH), can cause a molecule to be polar (especially smaller molecules) –Examples: CH 3 CH 2 OH, CH 3 COOH

Real world Applications Pharmaceuticals –Ex: Aspirin, vitamins, insulin Polymers –Long chains of carbons. Small molecules link to make large molecules –Ex: synthetic polymers: plastics, nylon, kevlar –Ex: natural polymers: proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA Petrochemicals –Ex: propane, butane, octane

Polymers Polymers consist of long chains of carbons Plastics are a type of polymer

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