Goals 1.How are materials transported around a plant? 2.Where do plants come from (Evolutionary history)? 3.What are ways in which people rely on plants?

BACTERIAARCHAEA animals fungi plants protists What type of cells do plants have?

How do you recognize a plant cell?

PLANTAEANIMALIA FUNGI “PROTISTS” to Archaea to Bacteria Sarcomastigophora (zooflagellates, sarcodines) Apicomplexa (sporozoans) Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates) Ciliophora (ciliates) Euglenophyta (euglenoids) Phaeophyta (brown algae) Oomycota (water molds) Rhodophyta (red algae) Chlorophyta (green algae) Bryophyta (liverworts, mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers) Anthophyta (flowering plants) Zygomycota (zygote fungi) Ascomycota (sac fungi) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (hydras, anemones, jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Mollusca (snails, clams, squid) Annelida (segmented worms) Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, crustaceans) Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) Chordata (tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates) How many phyla of plants are there?

Where did plants come from?

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants

What are the four major phyla of plants? Which is a moss? Fern? Conifers? Flowering plant? A B C D

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

Which one is a plant? (both are eukaryotic AND multicellular) A. No true tissues B. Specialized cells

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Chlorophyll, cellulose, and starch

What are the molecules found in all plants? Which is chlorophyll, cellulose or starch? A B C

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Chlorophyll, cellulose, and starch Most have stomata for gas exchange and a cuticle to reduce drying

What are the stomata and cuticle? Which is which? B A

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Chlorophyll, cellulose, and starch Most have stomata for gas exchange and a cuticle to reduce drying Most have vascular tissue and plasmodesmata for the movement of nutrients

What are the stomata and cuticle? Which is chlorophyll, cellulose or starch? B A

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Chlorophyll, cellulose, and starch Most have stomata for gas exchange and a cuticle to reduce drying Most have vascular tissue and plasmodesmata for the movement of nutrients Most have seeds, an embryo with food and a protective covering Alteration of generations

What are seeds? What is the embryo, food store, and seed coat?

Why are seeds advantageous? What is the role of a seed?

How are seeds spread? Who are the dispersal agents?

Characteristics of Plants Include mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs Chlorophyll, cellulose, and starch Most have stomata for gas exchange and a cuticle to reduce drying Most have vascular tissue and plasmodesmata for the movement of nutrients Most have seeds, an embryo with food and a protective covering Alteration of generations

What is Alteration of Generations? Who are the two multicellular forms of a plant’s life cycle?

What is Alteration of Generations? Who are the two multicellular forms of a plant’s life cycle?

Plant tissues systems

1.Meristematic tissue 2.Dermal tissue 3.Ground tissue 4.Vascular tissue

Plant tissues systems 1.Meristematic tissue: undifferentiated cells that continue to divide by mitosis allowing the plant body to grow Apical meristem - tip of shoot and roots and responsible for lengthening plant Lateral meristem - cylinder near the outer surface of the body and responsible for increasing width of plant

Plant tissues systems 2.Dermal tissue: covers the outer surface of the plant body Usually no more than one cell layer thick Produces a waxy cuticle Divided into the epidermis and the periderm (secondary growth)

Plant tissues systems 3.Ground tissue: bulk of a leaf/stem that does photosynthesis, gives support, & stores carbohydrates Three types…

Plant tissues systems 3.Ground tissue: bulk of a leaf/stem that does photosynthesis, gives support, & stores carbohydrates Collenchyma - strong, flexible cell walls – found in areas of growth – cells are alive

Plant tissues systems Collenchyma - strong, flexible cell walls – found in areas of growth – cells are alive Parenchyma - thin walled – performs photsynthesis & food storage – full of plastids – cells are alive

Plant tissues systems Parenchyma - thin walled – performs photsynthesis and food storage – full of plastids, cells are alive Sclerenchyma - very thick secondary cell wall made of lignin – provides extra support for plant growth – dead at maturity

Plant tissues systems 4.Vascular tissue: transports materials throughout the plant body, found in bundles Xylem – moves water and minerals from roots to shoots and leaves – cells are dead at maturity – vessel elements are much larger in diameter and efficient – provides support and structure Phloem – responsible for the movement of sugars and hormones throughout the plant – cells are alive a maturity

Plasmodesmata –

Xylem Root Pressure –

Xylem Shoot Tension–

Cohesiveness & Adhesiveness –

Xylem –

Phloem –

Overview of plant phylogeny

Non-Vascular – Use water to reproduce – No vascular tissue (bryophytes) – Low growing, small – Include liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and pioneer species – Seedless

Seedless Vascular Plants – Need moisture for reproduction (Produce sori, groups of spores, under leaves) – Have vascular tissue (Pteridophytes) – First vascular plants, ancient ferns were large, now they vary – Include club mosses, ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns – No roots, instead underground stems called rhizomes. Immature leaves known as fiddleheads

Gymnosperms – Produce pollen and seeds (multicellular, adapted for poor conditions) for reproduction – Have vascular tissue, Seeded Vascular plants – Size: shrubs to the tallest trees – Include Ginkgos, sequoias, redwoods, pines, firs, cedar, & juniper – Gymnosperm = “naked seed” Most have needles in place of leaves Soft wood, grow fast

Angiosperms – Reproduce with pollen, flowers and fruit – Yes, Very efficient vascular tissue with vessels (Seeded Vascular plants) – Vary in size from herbs to hardwood trees – Include corn, grasses, orchids, and coconuts – Angiosperm = “enclosed seed” Divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons These are economically used plants (eat & sell)

Anatomy - Roots Anchor plant and absorb water and nutrients Taproot Fibrous root Adventitious root Rhizomes

Anatomy - Stems Support buds and leaves, contain vascular tissue and lignin Nodes Lateral bud Terminal bud Herbaceous or woody

Anatomy - Leaves Absorb sunlight, cool and protect the plant Attached to stem by petiole Two types – Simple and compound

Anatomy - Flowers Contains reproductive parts Reproductive part of a plant with features to attract pollinators Male reproductive parts = Stamen (Anther + Filament) Female reproductive parts = Carpel (Sigma + Style + Ovary + Ovule)

Diversity of Flowering Plants i. Monocots One cotyledon Veins usually parallel Vascular tissue scattered Root system usually fibrous (no main root) Floral organs usually in multiples of three ii. Dicots Two cotyledons Veins usually netlike Vascular tissue arranged in a ring Taproot (main root) usually present Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

Alteration of Generations – * Unlike animals *Sporophyte dominant in most plant species