Classification of Life Part 1

2 Classification

3 There are 13 billion known species of organismsThere are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identifiedNew organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms

4 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

5 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organismsAccurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fishPrevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all namesUses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

6 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

7 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

8 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animalsAristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat --- land, sea, or air dwellersHe subdivided them by their habitat --- land, sea, or air dwellers

9 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for namingJohn Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plantHis names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant

10 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

11 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy”Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclatureDeveloped the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species)Two-word name (Genus & species)

12 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature usedBinomial nomenclature used Genus speciesGenus species Latin or GreekLatin or Greek Italicized in printItalicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT speciesCapitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writingUnderline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

13 Binomial Nomenclature

14 Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organismsThe International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated namesThis prevents duplicated names

15 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placedTaxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificThere is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, speciesDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

16 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON

17 Kids Kids Prefer Prefer Cheese Cheese Over Over Fried Fried Green Green Spinach! Spinach!

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19 Broadest, most inclusive taxonBroadest, most inclusive taxon Three domainsThree domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organellesEukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains