There is nothing more tragic than watching beautiful theories being assaulted by gangs of ugly facts - Ben Franklin (date?)

Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships Anti-British/Pro-French Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery Owned 200 slaves Strict Construction of Constitution Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

ELECTION OF 1800 Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College Problem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic- Republicans Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

Aaron Burr ( ) Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war. A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton Vice President of the United States ( ) – attempts to grab Presidency from Thos. Jefferson Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel Involved in the Burr Conspiracy (Treason) Aaron Burr ( ) Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war. A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton Vice President of the United States ( ) – attempts to grab Presidency from Thos. Jefferson Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel Involved in the Burr Conspiracy (Treason)

Election of 1800: 1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral college  Parties chose their candidates and electors would vote for them 2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of Representatives chose Jefferson. 3. To eliminate future problems  12 th Amendment:  12 th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so there would never be a tie. FederalistsDemocratic Republicans FederalistsDemocratic Republicans Adams--Pres---65Jefferson---Pres Pinkney---64Burr---VP----73

Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another revolutionary“revolutionary” achievement Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another revolutionary“revolutionary” achievement John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

Adams was the last Federalist president Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war. Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy Adams was the last Federalist president Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war. Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy

Responsibility › Moderation Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

Restraint Helps Revolution Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies (but did put only Dem-Reps in Cabinet) Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years Repealed hated excise tax Made efforts to eliminate debt Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years Repealed hated excise tax Made efforts to eliminate debt

Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster Restraint Helps Revolution

Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in US History. Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power. Jeffersonian democracy KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON

Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. common man Champion for the common man Believed education would prepare them for participation in government….. For now, educated should rule… Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency Jeffersonian democracy Federalist Kept most Federalist programs. WHY? Washington/Adams Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA. Sedition Act Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act Whiskey tax Repealed the Whiskey tax BUS Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS Alien Act Eliminated Alien Act

Jeffersonian democracy Visualized an agrarian societyVisualized an agrarian society Feared industrialization and its effects ….Feared industrialization and its effects …. Farmers were the chosen class.Farmers were the chosen class. Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s livesLaissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives Against BUS but did not repeal it.Against BUS but did not repeal it. Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American societyOwned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American society Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self- sufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not co- exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western landsNative Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self- sufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not co- exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands Believed education the key to social mobilityBelieved education the key to social mobility

“Slavery is like holding a wolf by the ears. You don’t like it, but you don’t dare let it go” - Thomas Jefferson

3. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 Midnight appointments of Adams. Chief Justice John Marshall Judicial Review Power of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional Notes1

, Chief Justice John Marshall stated, “The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it. If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable. It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable”.

2. Jefferson’s Achievements: Secured westward expansion Louisiana Purchase Notes2

Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land after Revolution Spanish Land 1800 New Orleans

Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land French Land in 1801 New Orleans

1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land French Land in 1801 New Orleans

Haitian rev New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society) New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)

Haitian rev Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion. He wanted to use Haiti as stepping stone into America…. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America. Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion. He wanted to use Haiti as stepping stone into America…. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

Louisiana purchase Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed. Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.