Socialization and the Individual Nature vs. Nurture, Agents of Socialization, and The Generation of Today Nature vs. Nurture, Agents of Socialization, and The Generation of Today

Intro Questions to Unit 4 1. How does society influence individuals’ perceptions and feelings about themselves? 2. Are we entirely socially created beings? 3. How do important social institutions influence who we are? 1. How does society influence individuals’ perceptions and feelings about themselves? 2. Are we entirely socially created beings? 3. How do important social institutions influence who we are?

Introduction to Socialization / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _

Focus on Individual Personality / Personality: ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

Nature vs. Nurture / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / Individual and personality / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / Individual and personality

Nature / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / ____________ / Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children / ____________ / Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge / ____________ / Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior patterns / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / ____________ / Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children / ____________ / Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge / ____________ / Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior patterns

_________________ / Study of the biological basis of human behavior / _______________________ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / Study of the biological basis of human behavior / _______________________ / ______________________________ ______________________________

Identical Twins Studies / Unique cases where identical twins are separated at birth / Reunited found to be amazingly similar in personality / Support of ___________ argument / Unique cases where identical twins are separated at birth / Reunited found to be amazingly similar in personality / Support of ___________ argument

Nurture / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / _______________ (___________) / We are a blank slate at birth / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / _______________ (___________) / We are a blank slate at birth

Isolation in Childhood / ____________________ study / ______________________________ ______________________________ / / ___________________________ _ / Feral children / Extreme cases of isolation that supports the ___________ side of the argument / “Wild Child of France” / Anna / Isabelle / Genie / ____________________ study / ______________________________ ______________________________ / / ___________________________ _ / Feral children / Extreme cases of isolation that supports the ___________ side of the argument / “Wild Child of France” / Anna / Isabelle / Genie

Development of the Individual in Society

_______________________ / _________________________ / Imagine how we appear to others / Based on appearance, we perceive people make judgments / Based on perceived judgments, we develop self-feeling / _________________________ / Imagine how we appear to others / Based on appearance, we perceive people make judgments / Based on perceived judgments, we develop self-feeling

Identity and the Individual / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________

______________________ / _________________ / Basis of socialization process / Allows us to anticipate what others think of us / _________________ / Basis of socialization process / Allows us to anticipate what others think of us / _________________

3 Step Process of Role-Taking / ___________________ (0-3 years) / Imitation of Significant Others / __________________ (3-5 years) / Play or act out roles of specific roles / Generalized others without understanding expectations / _________________ (School Age) / Take on roles but also begin to understand expectations of others / ___________________ (0-3 years) / Imitation of Significant Others / __________________ (3-5 years) / Play or act out roles of specific roles / Generalized others without understanding expectations / _________________ (School Age) / Take on roles but also begin to understand expectations of others

“I” Self and “Me” Self / Balance that develops for individual in society / “___” side is spontaneous, self- absorbed and self-interested / “___” side is socially conscious / Well-rounded person is balanced between both / Balance that develops for individual in society / “___” side is spontaneous, self- absorbed and self-interested / “___” side is socially conscious / Well-rounded person is balanced between both

___________________ / Presentation of Self / __________________________ / Slant to audience / __________________________ / We are the actors, our lives are the theatre / __________________________ / Save image when self suffers / Presentation of Self / __________________________ / Slant to audience / __________________________ / We are the actors, our lives are the theatre / __________________________ / Save image when self suffers

Common Final Essay Question 3 / In looking at the individual in society, discuss in detail the argument on each side of the nature vs. nurture debate. In doing so, identify specific studies, terms and people associated with each. Finally, identify which of the two you most associate with and why using specific examples from your own experiences in your lifetime.

Agents of Socialization / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _

Peer Groups / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / Focus on _________________ / Division of population within society / ___________ compared to other agents / Constantly changing through events in life / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / ______________________________ ______________________________ / Focus on _________________ / Division of population within society / ___________ compared to other agents / Constantly changing through events in life

School / Teaching academic skills / Life in the larger society / Transmit culture, values, patriotism / Role models / ____________ Socialization / Required by law at least to certain point / Mandatory classes and standards / Teaching academic skills / Life in the larger society / Transmit culture, values, patriotism / Role models / ____________ Socialization / Required by law at least to certain point / Mandatory classes and standards

Mass Media / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / Examples: books, films, Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television / ___________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _ / Examples: books, films, Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television

Impact of Mass Media / ________________________________ / ___% of American household have televisions / Average of ____ TV sets in the typical home and ____ people / Most children watch average of ___ hours per week / _________ acts of fictional violence by age 18 / Number has tripled in past 15 years / Connection between television violence and aggressive behavior / Psychological studies / ________________________________ / ___% of American household have televisions / Average of ____ TV sets in the typical home and ____ people / Most children watch average of ___ hours per week / _________ acts of fictional violence by age 18 / Number has tripled in past 15 years / Connection between television violence and aggressive behavior / Psychological studies

Further Agents of Socialization / Workplace / _____________________________ / Rehearsal for future positions (_______________________________________) / Religion / 65% of U.S. population claims membership to organized religion / State / _____________________ / Provide hospitals, treatment facilities, police / _____________________ / Age requirements for certain areas of life / ________________________ / ______________________ / Isolated from society and subject to tight control / Remold into new individual / ___________________________ / Workplace / _____________________________ / Rehearsal for future positions (_______________________________________) / Religion / 65% of U.S. population claims membership to organized religion / State / _____________________ / Provide hospitals, treatment facilities, police / _____________________ / Age requirements for certain areas of life / ________________________ / ______________________ / Isolated from society and subject to tight control / Remold into new individual / ___________________________

Family / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / Both deliberate and unintended / Impact varies from family to family and society to society / ___________________________ ____________________________ _ / Both deliberate and unintended / Impact varies from family to family and society to society

Definitions of Family / Group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption / _________________________ / One or both parents and children / __________________________ / Born into / __________________________ / Create as parents / Group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption / _________________________ / One or both parents and children / __________________________ / Born into / __________________________ / Create as parents

Further Family Relationships / _____________________ / Consists of two or more generations / _____________________ / Network of people related by marriage, birth, or adoption / ____________ Relatives (__) / _____________________ / Consists of two or more generations / _____________________ / Network of people related by marriage, birth, or adoption / ____________ Relatives (__)

Marriage / Refers to the set of norms that establishes and characterizes the relationship between married individuals / Not the married couple themselves / Refers to the set of norms that establishes and characterizes the relationship between married individuals / Not the married couple themselves

Forms of Marriage / Traditional definitions / Political and social debates / _______________________ / One woman and one man married only to each other / ______________________ / Allowed multiple spouses but only one at a time / More “accepted” idea today in U.S. / Traditional definitions / Political and social debates / _______________________ / One woman and one man married only to each other / ______________________ / Allowed multiple spouses but only one at a time / More “accepted” idea today in U.S.

Polygamy / ________________________________ ________________________________ / ______________ / Most common: one man and multiple wives / ______________ / One woman and multiple husbands / ________________________________ ________________________________ / ______________ / Most common: one man and multiple wives / ______________ / One woman and multiple husbands

Mate Selection / _______________ / Specifies the group that your mate must come from within / _______________ / Mate must come from outside of a certain group / _______________ / Specifies the group that your mate must come from within / _______________ / Mate must come from outside of a certain group

Vocabulary Keys / ______: male side (husband) / ______: female side (wife) / ____: community or village of residence / ______: kinship or line of descent / ______: power and authority / ______: male side (husband) / ______: female side (wife) / ____: community or village of residence / ______: kinship or line of descent / ______: power and authority

Marriage Residential Patterns / ________________ / Live near or with husband’s family / ________________ / Live near or with wife’s family / ________________ / Newly married couple selects which side to live with / ________________ / Newly married couple selects residency with emphasis not given to either side / ________________ / Live near or with husband’s family / ________________ / Live near or with wife’s family / ________________ / Newly married couple selects which side to live with / ________________ / Newly married couple selects residency with emphasis not given to either side

Descent Patterns / ________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on male’s side of family / Kinship through father’s side / ________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on female’s side of family / Kinship through mother’s side / ________________ / Equal emphasis to both sides with no preference shown / ________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on male’s side of family / Kinship through father’s side / ________________ / Emphasis and relationships based on female’s side of family / Kinship through mother’s side / ________________ / Equal emphasis to both sides with no preference shown

Power and Authority Patterns / ________________ / Father and males hold authority / ________________ / Mother and females hold authority / ________________ / Equal power and authority / ________________ / Father and males hold authority / ________________ / Mother and females hold authority / ________________ / Equal power and authority

3 Perspectives of Family / Functionalist / Conflict / Interactionist / Functionalist / Conflict / Interactionist

Marriage in America Today / Impact of change on American families / Traditional beliefs versus today / Homogamy: marry within similar social characteristics / Heterogamy: marry people of different social characteristics / Violence / Divorce / Delayed Marriage / 1890: Women: 22.0 Males: 26.1 / 1960: Women: 20.3Males: 22.8 / 2000: Women: 25.1Males: 26.8 / 2009: Women: 26.5Males: 28.4 / Education, career, and cohabitation viewed as reasons / Delayed childbirth and childlessness / Time period between marriage and birth of first child / Average age of women giving birth / Single-parent families / Dual-earner marriage / Remarriage and extended families / Impact of change on American families / Traditional beliefs versus today / Homogamy: marry within similar social characteristics / Heterogamy: marry people of different social characteristics / Violence / Divorce / Delayed Marriage / 1890: Women: 22.0 Males: 26.1 / 1960: Women: 20.3Males: 22.8 / 2000: Women: 25.1Males: 26.8 / 2009: Women: 26.5Males: 28.4 / Education, career, and cohabitation viewed as reasons / Delayed childbirth and childlessness / Time period between marriage and birth of first child / Average age of women giving birth / Single-parent families / Dual-earner marriage / Remarriage and extended families

Challenges of Teenage Socialization / Sexual activity and diseases / Drug use and violence / Alcohol abuse and binge drinking / Highest rate of drug use among industrialized country / Suicide / Identified factors / Alcohol or drug use / triggering events / Age / Low population density / Family relations / Cluster effect / Sexual activity and diseases / Drug use and violence / Alcohol abuse and binge drinking / Highest rate of drug use among industrialized country / Suicide / Identified factors / Alcohol or drug use / triggering events / Age / Low population density / Family relations / Cluster effect

Adult Socialization / ___________________: Season’s of a Man’s Life / Life Structure divided into 3 Stages / Early Adulthood / Ages / ______________________ / Development of “life dream” / ______________________ / Divorce and job change / Middle Adulthood / Ages / ___________________________ / ________________________ / “___________________” / Reflection on prior dreams / Stress from family / Late Adulthood / Ages 60+ / Retirement, grandchildren, increased health concerns / ______________________________________ / ___________________: Season’s of a Man’s Life / Life Structure divided into 3 Stages / Early Adulthood / Ages / ______________________ / Development of “life dream” / ______________________ / Divorce and job change / Middle Adulthood / Ages / ___________________________ / ________________________ / “___________________” / Reflection on prior dreams / Stress from family / Late Adulthood / Ages 60+ / Retirement, grandchildren, increased health concerns / ______________________________________

Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

Comparison to Adult Females / Levinson also studied women / Believed they were fairly similar / ______________ and ______________ / Focus on first stage dividing into 3 Stages / Different pressures put on women creates different pattern of adult socialization / Stage 1: Leaving the Family / Major step of leaving home / _____________________________________________________ / Stage 2: Entering the Adult World / _____________________________________________________ / Job advancement becomes limited because of this / May cause break in employment / Stage 3: Reentry into the Work Force / Return to workforce with entry of children into school age / Same time as men may be going through difficult transition themselves / _____________________________________________________ / Levinson also studied women / Believed they were fairly similar / ______________ and ______________ / Focus on first stage dividing into 3 Stages / Different pressures put on women creates different pattern of adult socialization / Stage 1: Leaving the Family / Major step of leaving home / _____________________________________________________ / Stage 2: Entering the Adult World / _____________________________________________________ / Job advancement becomes limited because of this / May cause break in employment / Stage 3: Reentry into the Work Force / Return to workforce with entry of children into school age / Same time as men may be going through difficult transition themselves / _____________________________________________________