CHAPTER 3: PRODUCTS OF EVOLUTION: UNITY & DIVERSITY

KINGDOM PLANTAE Characteristics- –Eukaryotic –Macroscopic (visible to the unaided eye) –Multicellular –Autotrophic (photosynthetic) –Mostly live on land (first land organisms) Adaptations to Land- –Cuticle- waxy covering to prevent water loss –Spores and seeds to protect reproductive cells on land –Vascular tissue- higher plants have specialized tissue to transport water (xylem) & food (phloem)

KINGDOM PLANTAE Alternation of Generations –All plants display both asexual (spore) and sexual (gamete & zygote) phases in their life cycles Classification of Plants- 12 Phyla –Based on 3 main criteria Presence or absence of vascular tissue Presence or absence of seeds Presence or absence of fruit

KINGDOM PLANTAE Phylum Bryophyta –Nonvascular & seedless Plants- mosses –Most primitive plants –3 phyla- mosses, liverworts, hornworts Phylum Pterophyta –Vascular & seedless Plants- ferns –Vascular tissue allows plants to transport material and grow taller to reach sunlight –4 phyla- mostly fern and fern-like plants

GYMNOSPERMS Gymnosperm- vascular plants with seeds, but no protective fruit or flowers Phylum Coniferophyta –Mostly pine trees Seeds- evolutionary adaptation to increase plant survival –Seed coat- A hard protective covering to protect –Embryo- an undeveloped plant, –Cotyledons- undeveloped leaves, and –Endosperm- the nutrient supply

GYMNOSPERMS Cones- reproductive structures of gymnosperm –Composed of hard scales, but no fruit –House seeds Most gymnosperms are evergreen Four phyla of gymnosperms –Phylum Coniferophyta- conifers (common evergreens) –Phylum Ginkophyta- ginkos –Phylum Cycadophyta- Cycads –Phylum Gnetophyta

ANGIOSPERMS Phylum Anthophyta (angiophyta)- only phylum of angiosperms –Vascular plants with seeds, flowers and fruit –Fruit- the ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds –Flower- the reproductive structure of angiosperms Ovary- the female part of the flower that holds the eggs