Taxonomy

Taxonomy  Taxonomy from Greek verb tassein = "to classify" and nomos = law, science Taxonomy is the science of classifying (finding, describing and naming) living things

Scientific Names: Scientists use Greek and Latin because:  It is a dead language, so it is no longer evolving

The names used tell us about the organism

Early Naming Systems Organisms were given names that described characteristics. Original scientific name: Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore folio glabro Original scientific name: Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore folio glabro Which means pinkish white woodland rose with hairless leaves Wild Briar Rose

Current Taxonomic System Rosa canina  Called Linnaean System after the Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus.  Breaks organisms down into seven major divisions, called taxa.  Scientists refer to organisms by the last organisms by the last two divisions – genus two divisions – genus and species. and species.

Binomial Nomenclature When Scientists refer to organisms, they use Genus species names instead of common names.  Organisms may have more than one common name

Dog Spanish - perro French – chien German – Hund Italian – cane Russian – собака Canis lupis

Mermaid’s Wineglass Mermaid’s Teacup

Binomial Nomenclature Scientists use Genus species names because:  Organisms may have more than one common name  The same common name can refer to more than one organism

Sea Robin

First taxonomic system:  Two kingdoms –  Plants – photosynthetic  Animals – ate other organisms What about mushrooms, which do neither? Microscope was invented – what about euglena, which does both?

Seven Levels of Taxonomy  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

Planets  Mercury  Venus  Earth  Mars  Jupiter  Saturn  Uranus  Neptune  Pluto

Planets MMVVEEMMJJSSUUNNPPMMVVEEMMJJSSUUNNPP

Planets  My  Very  Educated  Mother  Just  Served  Us  Nine  Pizzas

Taxonomy  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

Taxonomy KKPPCCOOFFGGSSKKPPCCOOFFGGSS

Taxonomy  King  Philip  Came  Over  For  Good  Spaghetti

Taxonomy  Kings  Play  Chess  On  Funny  Green  Squares

Taxonomy  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species These are the two names that scientists use when they call the organism by its scientific name. } KKPPCCOOFFGGSSKKPPCCOOFFGGSS

Create A Taxonomic System: List some objective, physical characteristics of these shapes List some objective, physical characteristics of these shapes.

Kingdom Radial Kingdom Linear Trilateral Quadralateral

Kingdom Radial Kingdom Linear Trilateral Quadralateral 90 o Angles Not 90 o Angles EquilateralInequilateral

Assignment: Create a taxonomic system for a group of mythological organisms.  Determine some objective, physical characteristics of the organisms.  Group them into kingdoms based on one of those characteristics.  Divide each kingdom into smaller and smaller groups.  Choose kingdom, phylum, class, etc names

Changes in Classification  1753 – two kingdoms (plants and animals)  1866 – kingdom protista was added (organisms like euglena and amoeba)  1938 – kingdom fungi was added (mushrooms, mold)  1959 – kingdom monera was added (prokaryotes)  1977 – kingdom monera was split into two kingdoms (archaeobacteria and eubacteria)  proposed that the system structure be reorganized to include domains above kingdom.

Domains  There are three domains.

Bacteria  Single Cell  Simple Cell Structure - prokaryotic  No membrane-bound organelles  No membrane-bound nucleus  Unbranched lipids in cell membrane  Can be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic  Can be pathogenic  Bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)

Photosynthesis H 2 O + CO 2 O 2 + Sugar sunlightnutrients

Bacilli Cocci

Leptospira

Blue-green algae Cyanobacteria

Domains  There are three domains.  Bacteria – single cell prokaryotes. Peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Unbranched lipids in cell membrane. Often decomposers.  Archaea – single cell prokaryotes. Branched lipids in cell membrane. Often extremophiles.

Domains  There are three domains.  Bacteria – single cell prokaryotes. Peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Unbranched lipids in cell membrane. Often decomposers.  Archaea – single cell prokaryotes. Branched lipids in cell membrane. Often extremophiles.  Eukarya – eukaryotic organisms. Includes protozoans, fungus, algae, plants, animals…  There are four kingdoms in this domain

Kingdom Protista  This is a catch-all kingdom. Anything that doesn’t fit neatly into another kingdom goes here.  Can be unicellular or multicellular  Often have both plant and animal characteristics Two main GROUPS of organisms in this kingdom: Protozoans – unicellular organisms that ingest food ie. amoeba, paramecium, euglena, diatom, dinoflagellate Aquatic Non-vascular Plants – Algae (blades, stipe, holdfast)

Botanists use “Division” instead of Phylum

Division Chlorophyta  Green algae  Contain Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b  Can be found in either fresh or salt water environments  Estimated to be 9,000 to 12,000 species

Division Phaeophyta  Contains several classes of plants ranging from microscopic, single celled protists to giant kelps  Contain Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll c  Brown algae

Brown Algae 1500 species Ranging from microscopic to over 60 feet long

Diatoms 12, 000 to 15,000 species Predominantly found in cold, salt water

Division Rhodophyta  Red algae  Contain Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll d  Predominantly filamentous  Predominantly marine (salt water)  Approximately 4100 species

Red Algae Phylum Rhodophyta

 Three main forms of movement:  Flagella  Cilia  Pseudopoda Animal-like protists

 have one or more flagella  Euglenas  Both photosynthetic and heterotrophic Flagellates

Euglena

Dinoflagellates  Unicellular organisms with flagella  Often bioluminescent  Some are toxic to fish

Dinoflagellates

Bio Bay off the coast of Puerto Rico The water has approximately 750,000 dinoflagellates per gallon

Red Tide

Ciliates  Moves using cilia  Paramecium

Paramecium

Pseudopods  Moves using “false feet”  Amoeba

Paramecium Amoeba

Fungus-like protists  Decomposers  Slime molds – creep along the ground absorbing nutrients from decaying matter. Can get to be three feet across.

Kingdom Fungi  Most Multicellular (all except yeast)  Absorb Food  Reproduce using spores Mushroom, mold, yeast Lichens – symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus

Bread Mold Life Cycle

Mushrooms

Mold on Mushrooms

Yeast

Lichens

Kingdom Plantae  Photosynthetic, terrestrial organisms  Plants have organs!  An organ is tissues working together to perform a specific task.  Roots, leaves, stem, trunk

Kingdom Plantae  In order to move out of the water and onto land, plants had to change.  Terrestrial plants have a waxy, waterproof cuticle (coating) that keeps moisture in.  Tiny holes in the cuticle, called stomata, can allow air to move in and out. The plant can open or close the stomata.  Terrestrial plants need to move water and food around in their bodies. The big ones have vascular tissue.

Vascular System  Phloem – carries food from the leaves to the rest of the plant  Xylem – carries water from the roots to the leaves Two types of plants – vascular and nonvascular Nonvascular – no transport system Vascular – has transport system Xylem and phloem

Roots and Stems Roots – anchor plants and absorb minerals and water from the soil. - xylem and phloem tissue in the center - meristem – cells that are capable of dividing so the root can grow dividing so the root can grow apical – on end – root grows longer lateral – on sides – root grows wider (also called vascular cambium) - root cap protects the growing root

 Lateral growth of the tree is what makes the rings. Xylem cells are wide with thin walls when it is wet (spring) and small with thick walls (dark) when it is dry (winter)

Leaves Leaves – where photosynthesis and gas exchange occur. - stomata -guard cells – a pair of cells that surround the stomata and absorb water. This causes them to swell up and open the stomata. When it is dry, they deflate, closing the stomata and preventing water loss. - waxy cuticle

Bryophytes -Non-vascular -Reproduce asexually using spores -Reproduce sexually using sperm and eggs sperm and eggs

HAPLOID DIPLOID

Spore Capsule

Moss

Hornwort

Hornwort

Hornwort

Liverwort

Liverwort

Seedless, Vascular Plants -Vascular -Alternation of Generations -Alternates between a diploid stage and a haploid stage

Fern Life Cycle

Gymnosperms Means “Naked seed” -Vascular – xylem and phloem phloem – transports food xylem – transports water

Gymnosperms Means “Naked seed” -Vascular – xylem and phloem -Produce seeds -Seeds are not enclosed in a fruit Division Coniferophyta Conifers - Pine, fir, spruce

Cycads

Ginkgo

Gnetophytes

Angiosperms -Include 90% of plant species -Vascular -Produce seeds -Seeds are enclosed in a fruit -Flowering Plants

Seagrass

Turtle Grass Manatee Grass Shoal Grass

Mangroves Black Mangrove Red Mangrove

Kingdom Animalia  Multicellular  Ingests Food  Sponges, jellyfish, sea stars, insects, fish, lions, tigers, bears

Three Domains  Bacteria  Archea  Eukaryra

Four Kingdoms  Eukyra  Protista  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia