Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 1 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube Patrick Berghaus IceCube University of Wisconsin, Madison

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 2 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube Collaboration USA: Bartol Research Institute, Delaware Univ. of Alabama Pennsylvania State University UC Berkeley UC Irvine Clark-Atlanta University Univ. of Maryland IAS, Princeton University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin-River Falls LBNL, Berkeley University of Kansas Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge Sweden: Uppsala Universitet Stockholm Universitet UK: Imperial College, London Oxford University Netherlands: Utrecht University Belgium: Vrije Universiteit Brussel Université Libre de Bruxelles Universiteit Gent Université de Mons-Hainaut Germany: Universität Mainz DESY-Zeuthen Universität Dortmund Universität Wuppertal Humboldt-Universität Berlin Universität Aachen Japan: Chiba University New Zealand: University of Canterbury

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 3 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube: Components IceTop(Air Showers): ● 1km² instrumented ● 160 Water(Ice-)tanks with 2 DOMs Each Amanda: ● Ø=200m, h=500m (0.02 km³) ● Amanda B-10: ● 302 Optical Modules (OMs) on 10 Strings (97-99) ● Amanda II: 677 OMs on 19 Strings (from 2000) InIce: ● 1km x1 km² instrumented ● 4800 Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) on 80 strings ● 2007: 22 Strings deployed (“IC22”)

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 4 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August : 1 string IceCube AMANDA-IISouth Pole

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 5 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August : 9 strings IceCube AMANDA-IISouth Pole

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 6 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August : 22 strings IceCube AMANDA-IISouth Pole

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 7 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Basics P.Gorham ProductionReach

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 8 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 (Potential) Neutrino Sources  tracks Energy AnalysisSource GeV - TeV Atmosph. WIMPs Atmosphere Earth, Sun TeV - PeV Diffuse Flux Point Sources GRB Outer Space PeV - EeV UHE AGN, Top. Defects … IceCube

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 9 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Muon Tracks (100m-10km length) Angular Resolution~ 3° Energy Resolution0.3 – 0.4[log 10 (E/TeV)] Coverage 2   srad (North) Energy Range ~ 50 GeV to 100 PeV Neutrino Events (AMANDA) Event Rate: ~ 80 Hz NC, e /   CC cascades (length: few meters) Angular Resolution ° Energy Resolution0.1 – 0.2[log 10 (E/TeV)] Coverage4   srad Energy Range ~ 50 TeV to 100 PeV

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 10 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Events SN ~10 3 Events /Year ~10 9 Events /Year Several Events /Year? IceCube 9-string muon neutrino candidate

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 11 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Diffuse Flux ● Atmospheric neutrino flux follows E ν -3.7 ● Search for extra-galactic contribution – AGN (1) (Becker/Biermann/ Rhode) – AGN (3 and 4) (Mannheim/Protheroe/ Rachen) – GRBs (2) (Waxman/Bahcall) Source: K. Muenich, U Dortmund

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 12 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Atmospheric Neutrino Spectrum Source: K. Muenich, U Dortmund diffuse analysis ● Unfolded Energy Spectrum ● Consistent with Theory ● Only actual AMANDA/IceCube neutrino source (so far)!

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 13 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Diffuse Flux Limit Source: J. Hodges, PhD thesis Latest Result (4-year AMANDA) astro-ph/ Accepted by PRD

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 14 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 WIMPs (Neutralinos)

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 15 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 WIMPs (Neutralinos)

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 16 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 GRB (Method) 10 min Blinded Window -1 hour +1 hour

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 17 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 GRB (Limit) (slowly) approaching WB Flux astro-ph/

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 18 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Point Source Search

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 19 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Leptonic vs. Hadronic Photons from Electron/ Photon Scattering leptonic hadronic VHE-Gamma astronomy Neutrino astronomy W. Hofmann, MPI-K

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 20 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Data Set (AMANDA II) = 2.25 ° ° Off-Source On-Source data set 4282 Events Neutrino-Data Set: MC (atm. ): 3627 – 4912 Events 1001 Days (effective) Source: M. Ackermann, DESY Zeuthen

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 21 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Significance Significance /  Strongest Fluctuation: 3.7  12.6 h, +4.5 deg Random events 69 of 100 Sky maps with random events have a higher value than 3.7  Source: M. Ackermann, DESY Zeuthen

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 22 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Flux Limit ( ) ● 90% CL upper flux limit in 0.5-degree bins for the northern hemisphere Source: M. Ackermann, DESY Zeuthen

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 23 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Specific Sources             / 6.00Cassiopeia A Excess parameter -log10 P / 4.81LSI / 7.01Cygnus X / 4.771ES / 6.08M / 6.39Markarian / 4.723C / 6.14SS / 6.74Crab Nebula / 6.48Cygnus X / 7.37Markarian 421 Flux upper limit (15% sys, 7% stat)  90% CL [10 -7 GeV cm -2 s -1 ] for  =  0 E -2 Events observed/ background ( ) Source ● 32 sources selected to reduce trial factor ● No indication for neutrino point sources AGNAGN Microquasa r SN R

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 24 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Crab Nebula ● Guetta & Amato: Rescaling of gamma ray flux (N,exp =0.16) ● Bednarek & Protheroe: Heavy nuclei accelerated in outer gap (N,exp =0.08) ● Bednarek: Time evolution of pulsar wind nebula (N,exp =0.03) ● Link & Burgio: Ions accelerated near pulsar surface (N,exp =1.2) M.Ackermann, PhD thesis

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 25 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 GeV-AGN ● Neronov and Semikoz: Model for “typical GeV loud Blazar”, p  -interaction in the AGN core N,exp = (QSO ) N,exp = – 0.14 (QSO ) variation of beaming angle for  emission M.Ackermann, PhD thesis

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 26 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Markarian 421 ● Muecke et al.: Model of Markarian 421 as High frequency peaked BLLac in the Proton Synchrotron Blazar model (N,exp ~ 0 ) M.Ackermann, PhD thesis

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 27 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Unbinned Search ● Uses likelihood parameter to assess resolution and probability of event to be a neutrino ● Significant improvement over binned method Source: J. Braun, ICRC 2007 Detection Probability Flux Limit

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 28 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Unbinned Search 69 out of 100 sky maps randomized in RA contain an excess of at least 3.6  Largest Excess: 3.6   =48 o,  =2.75h Log 10 (p- value) Source: J. Braun, ICRC AMANDA

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 29 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 AMANDA B10 (97-99) ● Completes AMANDA Point Source Analyses ● 45% of random skies have higher excess Highest Excess: DEC: deg RA: 3h 44min

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 30 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 “Stacking”- Analysis ● Search for excess of events by summing over potential sources of same type ● Assumption: Neutrino Flux is proportional to electromagnetic luminosity ● Photon wavelength depends on type of source (radio, IR, optical, x-ray) ● For most classes fewer events than expected from pure background N src 1.3Radio-weak sources 3.5FR-II Galaxies 0.43FR-I Galaxies (no M87) 0.54FR-I Galaxies 0.57GPS and CSS 0.69TeV Blazars 3.2Uni. GeV sources 0.32GeV Blazars 1.2IR Blazars 0.59keV Blazars (HEAO-A) 0.63keV Blazars (ROSAT) Limit Source class [10 -7 GeV cm -2 s -1] (E -2 -Spectrum) A. Gross, Ph.D thesis, University of Dortmund Achterberg et al., “On the selection of AGN …”, Accepted by Astropart. Phys.

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 31 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Time-dependent Analysis ● Search for events during periods of enhanced neutrino emission ● Criteria: Information from electromagnetic measurements and theoretical models ● Information used already: ● X-ray flux from RXTE for Blazars ● TeV flux from Cherenkov telescopes ● Radio emission for Microquasars Markarian 421, X-ray data ( ) Expected backgr. in high state 2114 daysRyle Telesc.Cygnus X daysASM/RXTE1ES daysASM/RXTEMarkarian 421 Nr. of events in high state Livetime in periods of high activity EM light curve source Source E. Resconi, MPI-K

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 32 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Sliding Window Number of pairs daysQSO Close to 140 daysQSO days3EG J daysGRS days3EG J days3EG J Close to 120 days3EG J Close to 120 daysGRO J Close to 120 daysCygnus X-1 Close to 120 daysCygnus X days1ES Close to 140 daysMarkarian 421 Probabilitytime frame Source events time sliding window Search for pairs of events during certain time frame (20/40 days)

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 33 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube/MAGIC Target of Opportunity ● Coincidence of neutrino events in IceCube with heightened VHE gamma emission ● 5 Sources (3 Blazars, 2 Microquasars) ● Thresholds chosen to have 2-3 “alerts” per month ● Initiative of the DESY-Zeuthen Group (E. Bernardini) ● Test run finished, regular run may commence soon

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 34 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Point Source Summary average flux upper limit [cm -2 s -1 ] sin   AMANDA-B10 (first analyses) AMANDA-II 6 Months 80-String IceCube (Estimate) AMANDA Total (Estimate) B-10 Combined E. Bernardini, DESY Zeuthen

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 35 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 On to IceCube! Effective AreaFlux Limit

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 36 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Integrated Exposure Cumulative values Construction finished by km 3 year by 2009 now

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 37 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube (9-string) cosmic ray muons atmos. neutrinos Achterberg et al. astro-ph/ First IceCube analyses: ● Point Sources ● Atm. Neutrinos

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 38 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Atmospheric Neutrinos Residual muons near horizon Agreement with simulation Source: J. Pretz, UMD PRD76, (2007)

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 39 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Point Source Search Flux limit: 1 year IceCube 9-string about same as 1 year AMANDA 60% of random skies have higher maximum significance Source: C. Finley, UW PRD76, (2007)

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 40 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Effective Area Comparison IceCube 9-string AMANDA AMANDA: better at low energies IceCube: 9 strings already factor of 3 better at high energies! Source: C. Finley, UW

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 41 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 What Else? ● CR composition ● Charm Physics ● EHE/UHE ● GZK neutrinos ● Kaluza-Klein DM ● Neutrino oscillations ● Lorentz invariance ● Extra dimensions ● Magnetic monopoles ● SN monitoring ●...

Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 42 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Conclusion ● No confirmed (extraterrestrial) sources yet ● But we are working on it!