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My Expectations 1.You will access the course site often. 2.You will study all materials and do self-assessments *** 3.Seminar - review transcripts and ppt. 4.Discussion posts will be well thought out 5.Familiar with KU’s plagiarism policy. 6.That if you find errors in course content including typos, or other inaccuracies, that you will bring them to my attention. 7.Computer issues/problems/frustrations will not be considered an extenuating circumstance, and you will not be given extra time for any assignment because of it. 8.Use my office hours as outlined in your course syllabus 9.Please refer to me as Chad or Dr. B

Course Information  This course is time-consuming.  You may want to form study groups early.  Seminar is every week as outlined in the syllabus If you can’t make the live seminar, feel free to submit the alternative option as outlined in the syllabus  Make sure you post to the discussion board before Saturday of each week. Follow the guidelines in your syllabus  3 or more posts on 3 different days  At least 100 words  Provide at least 1 reference Your main posting and interacting with your classmates are factored into your grade  There is a 2-part project with the topic and references due in unit 2 and the full paper due in unit 9

Seminar One Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology and Organ Systems of the Body. Credits: A.J. Hilbelink, Ph.D. (Dr. H.) Chad Brocato, DHSc (Dr. B.)

Structural levels of organization  Organization is an outstanding characteristic of body structure  The body is a unit constructed of the following smaller units: Cells—the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals Tissues—organizations of similar cells Organs—organizations of different kinds of tissues Systems—organizations of many different kinds of organs

Anatomical Position  Standing erect with the feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward

Anatomical Directions  Superior—toward the head, upper, above  Inferior—toward the feet, lower, below superior inferior

Anatomical Directions  Anterior—front, in front of (same as ventral in humans)  Posterior—back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans) anteriorposterior

Anatomical directions  Medial—toward the midline of a structure  Lateral—away from the midline or toward the side of a structure

Anatomical directions  Proximal—toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure  Distal—away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin Think of distal as “distant” distal proximal

Planes or Body Sections  Sagittal plane—lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections  Midsagittal—sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves  Frontal (coronal) plane—lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections  Transverse plane—horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections

Planes - we are 3-dimensional 1.Sagittal (R &L) 2.Midsagittal (two equals) 3.Frontal (ant. & post.) 4.Transverse (upper and lower)

Body cavities  Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity  Mediastinum— midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum  Pleural cavities—right lung located in right pleural cavity, left lung in left pleural cavity

Body cavities  Ventral cavity Abdominopelvic cavity  Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen  Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine

Body cavities  Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity contains brain Spinal cavity contains spinal cord

Body regions  Axial region—head, neck, and torso or trunk  Appendicular region—upper and lower extremities Axial region Appendicular region

Homeostasis *****  Survival of the individual is the body’s most important business  Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis (relative constancy of the internal environment); the body uses negative feedback loops and, less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis

Homeostasis  All organs function to maintain homeostasis  Body functions are related to age; peak efficiency is during young adulthood, diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood

Homeostasis

11 Organ systems of the body  Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Nervous  Endocrine  Cardiovascular  Lymphatic  Respiratory  Digestive  Urinary  Reproductive

Organ Systems of the Body  Integumentary system Structure—organs  Skin  Hair  Nails  Sense receptors  Sweat glands  Oil glands  What are the functions?

Organ systems  Skeletal system Structure  Bones  Joints  What are the functions?

Organ systems  Muscular system Structure  Muscles  Voluntary or striated  Involuntary or smooth  Cardiac  What are the functions?

Organ systems  Nervous system Structure  Brain  Spinal cord  Nerves  Sense organs  What are the functions?

Organ systems  Endocrine system Structure  Pituitary gland  Pineal gland  Hypothalamus  Thyroid gland  Parathyroid glands  Thymus gland  Adrenal glands  Pancreas  Ovaries (female)  Testes (male) What are the functions?

The 3 main parts of a cell  Plasma membrane Phospholipid framework  Hydrophobic (hate water) tails  Hydrophilic (love water) heads  Cytoplasm Table 3-1, list of organelles  Nucleus Controls cell reproduction (mitosis) DNA

Structure of plasma membrane What is the function of the cell membrane?

Organelles  Ribosomes = protein synthesis  ER = smooth (synthesizes lipids); rough (transports proteins).  Golgi = processes and packages from ER  Mitochondria = powerhouse  Lysosome = digestive system  Centrioles= cell reproduction  Cilia= move substances along surface  Nucleus= dictates protein synthesis  Nucleolus = formation of ribosomes

4 major types of tissues  Epithelial  Connective  Muscular  Nervous

Epithelial cell shapes

What is the function?  Simple squamous epithelium Webanatomy.net Why would you want such a thin tissue in the lungs?

What is the function? Webanatomy.net

What is the function? Webanatomy.net

A question?  What is the most abundant tissue in the body?

Answer  Connective tissue ! Table 3-8. Areolar connective tissue Adipose or fat Fibrous connective tissue Bone Cartilage Blood Hematopoietic tissue

Muscle Tissue  What are examples of each type of muscle tissue?  Which are voluntary versus involuntary?

Muscle Tissue  These are examples of each  Skeletal Voluntary, and attached to bone  Cardiac Involuntary, and make up walls of heart  Smooth Involuntary, and found in digestive tract, blood vessels and respiratory system.

Nervous Tissue  Function = communication  Structures Nerve cells = neurons  Cell body  Dendrite – receives impulses  Axon – sends impulses (axon – away) Synapse – space where neurons interact or act on organs Glia (glue) = supporting cells

Nervous Tissue Suny.edu/faculty/MichaelGregory

Questions?